§11.6.1ἡ δὲ δευτέρα μερὶς ἄρχεται μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς Κασπίας θαλάττης, εἰς ἣν κατέπαυεν ἡ προτέρα· καλεῖται δʼ ἡ αὐτὴ θάλαττα καὶ Ὑρκανία.
The second division begins at the Caspian Sea, at which the former division ended; and the same sea is also called Hyrcanian.
δεῖ δὲ περὶ τῆς θαλάττης εἰπεῖν πρότερον ταύτης καὶ τῶν προσοίκων ἐθνῶν.
But we must first speak of this sea and of the nations that dwell near it.
ἔστι δʼ ὁ κόλπος ἀνέχων ἐκ τοῦ ὠκεανοῦ πρὸς μεσημβρίαν κατʼ ἀρχὰς μὲν ἱκανῶς στενός, ἐνδοτέρω δὲ πλατύνεται προϊών, καὶ μάλιστα κατὰ τὸν μυχὸν ἐπὶ σταδίους που καὶ πεντακισχιλίους· ὁ δʼ εἴσπλους μέχρι τοῦ μυχοῦ μικρῷ πλειόνων ἂν εἴη συνάπτων πως ἤδη τῇ ἀοικήτῳ.
Now this gulf extends from the ocean towards the south, being at first quite narrow, but widening as it proceeds further inland, and especially at its recess, to a width of about five thousand stadia; and the voyage in to its recess would be slightly more, joining in some way already with the uninhabited land.
φησὶ δʼ Ἐρατοσθένης τὸν ὑπὸ τῶν Ἑλλήνων γνωριζόμενον περίπλουν τῆς θαλάττης ταύτης τὸν μὲν παρὰ τοὺς Ἀλβανοὺς καὶ τοὺς Καδουσίους εἶναι πεντακισχιλίων καὶ τετρακοσίων, τὸν δὲ παρὰ τὴν Ἀναριακῶν καὶ Μάρδων καὶ Ὑρκανῶν μέχρι τοῦ στόματος τοῦ Ὤξου ποταμοῦ τετρακισχιλίων καὶ ὀκτακοσίων· ἔνθεν δʼ ἐπὶ τοῦ Ἰαξάρτου δισχιλίων τετρακοσίων.
Eratosthenes says that the coastal voyage of this sea known to the Greeks, along the Albanians and Cadusians, is five thousand four hundred stadia, and that along the Anariacae, Mardi, and Hyrcanians to the mouth of the Oxus River is four thousand eight hundred, and thence to the Jaxartes is two thousand four hundred.
δεῖ δὲ περὶ τῶν ἐν τῇ μερίδι ταύτῃ καὶ τοῖς ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον ἐκτετοπισμένοις ἁπλούστερον ἀκούειν, καὶ μάλιστα περὶ τῶν διαστημάτων.
But one must listen to accounts concerning the people in this division and those who are situated so far away with greater latitude, and especially concerning the distances.
§11.6.2εἰσπλέοντι δʼ ἐν δεξιᾷ μὲν τοῖς Εὐρωπαίοις οἱ συνεχεῖς Σκύθαι νέμονται καὶ Σαρμάται οἱ μεταξὺ τοῦ Τανάιδος καὶ τῆς θαλάττης ταύτης, νομάδες οἱ πλείους, περὶ ὧν εἰρήκαμεν· ἐν ἀριστερᾷ δʼ οἱ πρὸς ἕω Σκύθαι, νομάδες καὶ οὗτοι, μέχρι τῆς ἑῴας θαλάττης καὶ τῆς Ἰνδικῆς παρατείνοντες.
For one sailing into the sea, on the right hand are occupied by the adjacent Scythians of the European side and the Sarmatians who live between the Tanais and this sea, most of whom are nomads, whom we have mentioned; and on the left are the eastern Scythians, these also nomads, extending as far as the Eastern Sea and India.
ἅπαντας μὲν δὴ τοὺς προσβόρρους κοινῶς οἱ παλαιοὶ τῶν Ἑλλήνων συγγραφεῖς Σκύθας καὶ Κελτοσκύθας ἐκάλουν· οἱ δʼ ἔτι πρότερον διελόντες τοὺς μὲν ὑπὲρ τοῦ Εὐξείνου καὶ Ἴστρου καὶ τοῦ Ἀδρίου κατοικοῦντας Ὑπερβορέους ἔλεγον καὶ Σαυρομάτας καὶ Ἀριμασπούς, τοὺς δὲ πέραν τῆς Κασπίας θαλάττης τοὺς μὲν Σάκας τοὺς δὲ Μασσαγέτας ἐκάλουν, οὐκ ἔχοντες ἀκριβὲς λέγειν περὶ αὐτῶν οὐδέν, καίπερ πρὸς Μασσαγέτας τοῦ Κύρου πόλεμον ἱστοροῦντες.
To all the northern peoples in common, indeed, the ancient Greek writers gave the name of Scythians or Celto-Scythians; but those still earlier, dividing them, called those who lived above the Euxine, the Ister, and the Adria, Hyperboreans, Sauromatae, and Arimaspi, while those beyond the Caspian Sea they called some Sacae and others Massagetae, although they were unable to say anything accurate about them, even though they wrote the history of Cyrus' war against the Massagetae.
ἀλλʼ οὔτε περὶ τούτων οὐδὲν ἠκρίβωτο πρὸς ἀλήθειαν, οὔτε τὰ παλαιὰ τῶν Περσικῶν οὔτε τῶν Μηδικῶν ἢ Συριακῶν ἐς πίστιν ἀφικνεῖτο μεγάλην διὰ τὴν τῶν συγγραφέων ἁπλότητα καὶ τὴν φιλομυθίαν.
But nothing has been accurately determined in accordance with truth concerning these peoples, nor did the ancient records of the Persians, Medes, or Syrians attain to great credibility, because of the credulity of the writers and their love of myths.
§11.6.3ὁρῶντες γὰρ τοὺς φανερῶς μυθογράφους εὐδοκιμοῦντας ᾠήθησαν καὶ αὐτοὶ παρέξεσθαι τὴν γραφὴν ἡδεῖαν, ἐὰν ἐν ἱστορίας σχήματι λέγωσιν ἃ μηδέποτε εἶδον μήτε ἤκουσαν ἢ οὐ παρά γε ἰδόντων, σκοποῦντες δὲ αὐτὸ μόνον τοῦτο ὅ τι ἀκρόασιν ἡδεῖαν ἔχει καὶ θαυμαστήν.
For, seeing that those who were confessedly writers of myths were in high repute, they thought that they too could make their writings agreeable if they should relate in the guise of history what they had never seen nor heard—or at least not from eye-witnesses—aiming at only this, what would make their narrative agreeable and marvelous to hear.
ῥᾷον δʼ ἄν τις Ἡσιόδῳ καὶ Ὁμήρῳ πιστεύσειεν ἡρωολογοῦσι καὶ τοῖς τραγικοῖς ποιηταῖς ἢ Κτησίᾳ τε καὶ Ἡροδότῳ καὶ Ἑλλανίκῳ καὶ ἄλλοις τοιούτοις.
Indeed, one would more easily believe Hesiod and Homer when they tell of heroes, and the tragic poets, than Ctesias and Herodotus and Hellanicus and other writers of this kind.
§11.6.4οὐδὲ τοῖς περὶ Ἀλεξάνδρου δὲ συγγράψασιν ῥᾴδιον πιστεύειν τοῖς πολλοῖς· καὶ γὰρ οὗτοι ῥᾳδιουργοῦσι διά τε τὴν δόξαν τὴν Ἀλεξάνδρου καὶ διὰ τὸ τὴν στρατείαν πρὸς τὰς ἐσχατιὰς γεγονέναι τῆς Ἀσίας πόρρω ἀφʼ ἡμῶν· τὸ δὲ πόρρω δυσέλεγκτον.
And it is not easy to believe most of those who wrote about Alexander either; for these too trifle with facts, both because of Alexander's glory and because his expedition was made to the extremities of Asia, far away from us; and what is far away is hard to refute.
ἡ δὲ τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἐπικράτεια καὶ ἡ τῶν Παρθυαίων πλεῖόν τι προσεκκαλύπτει τῶν παραδεδομένων πρότερον· οἱ γὰρ περὶ ἐκείνων συγγράφοντες καὶ τὰ χωρία καὶ τὰ ἔθνη, ἐν οἷς αἱ πράξεις, πιστότερον λέγουσιν ἢ οἱ πρὸ αὐτῶν· μᾶλλον γὰρ κατωπτεύκασι.
But the supremacy of the Romans and that of the Parthians has disclosed something more than what had been previously handed down; for those who write about them speak more trustworthily of both the places and the nations where the actions took place than those who went before them, for they have observed more closely.