§1.4.1̔η μὲν οὖν πρώτη διέξοδος αὐτῷ τῶν ὑπομνημάτων τοιαύτη.
Thus, then, his first treatise of the commentaries is of such a character.
ἐν δὲ τῇ δευτέρᾳ πειρᾶται διόρθωσίν τινα ποιεῖσθαι τῆς γεωγραφίας καὶ τὰς ἑαυτοῦ λέγει ὑπολήψεις, πρὸς ἃς πάλιν εἰ ἔστι τις ἐπανόρθωσις, πειρατέον προσφέρειν.
But in the second he attempts to make some correction of geography and states his own assumptions, against which, again, if there is any rectification possible, we must attempt to offer it.
τὸ μὲν οὖν τὰς μαθηματικὰς ὑποθέσεις εἰσάγειν καὶ φυσικὰς εὖ λέγεται, καὶ ὅτι εἰ σφαιροειδὴς ἡ γῆ καθάπερ καὶ ὁ κόσμος, περιοικεῖται, καὶ τὰ ἄλλα τὰ τοιαῦτα.
Now, on the one hand, his introducing mathematical and physical hypotheses is well said, and also that if the earth is spherical like the universe, it is inhabited all around, and other such things.
εἰ δὲ τηλικαύτη ἡλίκην αὐτὸς εἴρηκεν, οὐχ ὁμολογοῦσιν οἱ ὕστερον, οὐδʼ ἐπαινοῦσι τὴν ἀναμέτρησιν· ὅμως δὲ πρὸς τὴν σημείωσιν τῶν κατὰ τὰς οἰκήσεις ἑκάστας φαινομένων προσχρῆται τοῖς διαστήμασιν ἐκείνοις Ἵππαρχος ἐπὶ τοῦ διὰ Μερόης καὶ Ἀλεξανδρείας καὶ Βορυσθένους μεσημβρινοῦ, μικρὸν παραλλάττειν φήσας παρὰ τὴν ἀλήθειαν.
But whether it is as large as he himself has said, later writers do not agree, nor do they praise his measurement; nevertheless, for the notation of the phenomena at each of the inhabited localities, Hipparchus makes additional use of those distances along the meridian through Meroe, Alexandria, and the Borysthenes, saying that they deviate but little from the truth.
καὶ περὶ τοῦ σχήματος δʼ ἐν τοῖς ἑξῆς διὰ πλειόνων καὶ δεικνύς, ὅτι σφαιροειδὴς καὶ ἡ γῆ σὺν τῇ ὑγρᾷ φύσει καὶ ὁ οὐρανός, ἀλλοτριολογεῖν ἂν δόξειεν· ἀρκεῖ γὰρ τὸ ἐπὶ μικρόν.
And indeed, in what follows, by showing at greater length concerning the figure—that both the earth, together with the liquid nature, and the heaven are spherical—he might seem to be speaking foreign to the subject; for it is sufficient to treat of it briefly.
§1.4.2̔εξῆς δὲ τὸ πλάτος τῆς οἰκουμένης ἀφορίζων φησὶν ἀπὸ μὲν Μερόης ἐπὶ τοῦ διʼ αὐτῆς μεσημβρινοῦ μέχρι Ἀλεξανδρείας εἶναι μυρίους, ἐνθένδε εἰς τὸν Ἑλλήσποντον περὶ ὀκτακισχιλίους ἑκατόν, εἶτʼ εἰς Βορυσθένη πεντακισχιλίους, εἶτʼ ἐπὶ τὸν κύκλον τὸν διὰ Θούλης (ἥν φησι Πυθέας ἀπὸ μὲν τῆς Βρεττανικῆς ἓξ ἡμερῶν πλοῦν ἀπέχειν πρὸς ἄρκτον, ἐγγὺς δʼ εἶναι τῆς πεπηγυίας θαλάττης) ἄλλους ὡς μυρίους χιλίους πεντακοσίους.
Next, defining the breadth of the inhabited world, he says that from Meroe, along the meridian through it, to Alexandria is 10,000 stadia, thence to the Hellespont about 8,100, then to the Borysthenes 5,000, then to the parallel through Thule (which Pytheas says is distant from Britain a six days' sail to the north, and is near the frozen sea) another 11,500.
ἐὰν οὖν ἔτι προσθῶμεν ὑπὲρ τὴν Μερόην ἄλλους τρισχιλίους τετρακοσίους, ἵνα τὴν τῶν Αἰγυπτίων νῆσον ἔχωμεν καὶ τὴν Κινναμωμοφόρον καὶ τὴν Ταπροβάνην, ἔσεσθαι σταδίους τρισμυρίους ὀκτακισχιλίους.
If, then, we further add another 3,400 above Meroe, in order that we may include the Island of the Egyptians, the Cinnamon-producing country, and Taprobane, the total will be 38,000 stadia.
§1.4.3τὰ μὲν οὖν ἄλλα διαστήματα δεδόσθω αὐτῷ· ὡμολόγηται γὰρ ἱκανῶς· τὸ δʼ ἀπὸ τοῦ Βορυσθένους ἐπὶ τὸν διὰ Θούλης κύκλον τίς ἂν δοίη νοῦν ἔχων;
Now, let the other distances be granted to him, for they are sufficiently agreed upon; but who in his right mind would grant the distance from the Borysthenes to the parallel through Thule?
ὅ τε γὰρ ἱστορῶν τὴν Θούλην Πυθέας ἀνὴρ ψευδίστατος ἐξήτασται, καὶ οἱ τὴν Βρεττανικὴν Ἰέρνην ἰδόντες οὐδὲν περὶ τῆς Θούλης λέγουσιν, ἄλλας νήσους λέγοντες μικρὰς περὶ τὴν Βρεττανικήν· αὐτή τε ἡ Βρεττανικὴ τὸ μῆκος ἴσως πώς ἐστι τῇ Κελτικῇ παρεκτεταμένη, τῶν πεντακισχιλίων σταδίων οὐ μείζων καὶ τοῖς ἄκροις τοῖς ἀντικειμένοις ἀφοριζομένη.
For both Pytheas, who reports on Thule, has been proven to be an arch-liar, and those who have seen Irish Britain (Ierne) say nothing about Thule, though they mention other small islands around Britain; and Britain itself is, in length, stretched out somehow parallel to Celtica, not greater than 5,000 stadia, and defined by its opposite extremities.
ἀντίκειται γὰρ ἀλλήλοις τά τε ἑῷα ἄκρα τοῖς ἑῴοις καὶ τὰ ἑσπέρια τοῖς ἑσπερίοις, καὶ τά γε ἑῷα ἐγγὺς ἀλλήλων ἐστὶ μέχρις ἐπόψεως, τό τε Κάντιον καὶ αἱ τοῦ Ῥήνου ἐκβολαί.
For opposite to one another lie the eastern extremities to the eastern, and the western to the western; and the eastern indeed are near each other, within sight, namely Cantium and the mouths of the Rhine.
ὁ δὲ πλειόνων ἢ δισμυρίων τὸ μῆκος ἀποφαίνει τῆς νήσου, καὶ τὸ Κάντιον ἡμερῶν τινων πλοῦν ἀπέχειν τῆς Κελτικῆς φησι· καὶ τὰ περὶ τοὺς Ὠστιμίους δὲ καὶ τὰ πέραν τοῦ Ῥήνου τὰ μέχρι Σκυθῶν πάντα κατέψευσται τῶν τόπων.
But he declares the length of the island to be more than 20,000 stadia, and says that Cantium is a sail of some days distant from Celtica; and his accounts concerning the Ostimioi and all the regions beyond the Rhine as far as the Scythians are entirely false.
ὅστις οὖν περὶ τῶν γνωριζομένων τόπων τοσαῦτα ἔψευσται, σχολῇ γʼ ἂν περὶ τῶν ἀγνοουμένων παρὰ πᾶσιν ἀληθεύειν δύναιτο.
He, therefore, who has lied so much about well-known places, could hardly be able to tell the truth about places unknown to all.
§1.4.4τὸν δὲ διὰ τοῦ Βορυσθένους παράλληλον τὸν αὐτὸν εἶναι τῷ διὰ τῆς Βρεττανικῆς εἰκάζουσιν Ἵππαρχός τε καὶ ἄλλοι ἐκ τοῦ τὸν αὐτὸν εἶναι καὶ τὸν διὰ Βυζαντίου τῷ διὰ Μασσαλίας· ὃν γὰρ λόγον εἴρηκε τοῦ ἐν Μασσαλίᾳ γνώμονος πρὸς τὴν σκιάν, τὸν αὐτὸν καὶ Ἵππαρχος κατὰ τὸν ὁμώνυμον καιρὸν εὑρεῖν ἐν τῷ Βυζαντίῳ φησίν.
Hipparchus and others suspect that the parallel through the Borysthenes is the same as that through Britain, from the fact that the parallel through Byzantium is the same as that through Massalia; for the ratio which he stated of the gnomon to the shadow at Massalia, Hipparchus says that he himself found the same at Byzantium at the corresponding season.
ἐκ Μασσαλίας δὲ εἰς μέσην τὴν Βρεττανικὴν οὐ πλέον τῶν πεντακισχιλίων ἐστὶ σταδίων.
And from Massalia to the middle of Britain is not more than 5,000 stadia.
ἀλλὰ μὴν ἐκ μέσης τῆς Βρεττανικῆς οὐ πλέον τῶν τετρακισχιλίων προελθὼν εὕροις ἂν οἰκήσιμον ἄλλως πως (τοῦτο δʼ ἂν εἴη τὸ περὶ τὴν Ἰέρνην), ὥστε τὰ ἐπέκεινα, εἰς ἃ ἐκτοπίζει τὴν Θούλην, οὐκέτʼ οἰκήσιμα.
But surely, having gone forward not more than 4,000 stadia from the middle of Britain, one might find a country habitable in some other way (and this would be the region around Ierne), so that the regions beyond, to which he banishes Thule, are no longer habitable.
τίνι δʼ ἂν καὶ στοχασμῷ λέγοι τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦ διὰ Θούλης ἕως τοῦ διὰ Βορυσθένους μυρίων καὶ χιλίων πεντακοσίων, οὐχ ὁρῶ.
By what kind of conjecture he could say that the distance from the parallel through Thule to that through the Borysthenes is 11,500, I do not see.