§1.2.21εἰσὶ δέ τινες οἵ φασιν εἶναι δύο τοὺς κυριωτάτους ἀνέμους βορέαν καὶ νότον, τοὺς δὲ ἄλλους κατὰ μικρὰν ἔγκλισιν διαφέρειν, τὸν μὲν ἀπὸ θερινῶν ἀνατολῶν εὖρον χειμερινῶν δὲ ἀπηλιώτην, δύσεων δὲ θερινῶν μὲν ζέφυρον χειμερινῶν δὲ ἀργέστην.
But there are some who say that the two most principal winds are the North wind and the South wind, and that the others differ by a small inclination, making the one from the summer sunrise Eurus and the one from the winter sunrise Apeliotes, and of the sunsets, the one from the summer sunset Zephyrus and the one from the winter sunset Argestes.
τοῦ δὲ δύο εἶναι τοὺς ἀνέμους ποιοῦνται μάρτυρας Θρασυάλκην τε καὶ τὸν ποιητὴν αὐτὸν τῷ τὸν μὲν ἀργέστην τῷ νότῳ προσνέμειν
ἀργεστᾶο Νότοιο,
τὸν δὲ ζέφυρον τῷ βορέᾳ
βορέης καὶ ζέφυρος, τώ τε Θρῄκηθεν ἄητον. φησὶ δὲ Ποσειδώνιος μηδένα οὕτως παραδεδωκέναι τοὺς ἀνέμους τῶν γνωρίμων περὶ ταῦτα, οἷον Ἀριστοτέλη Τιμοσθένη Βίωνα τὸν ἀστρολόγον· ἀλλὰ τὸν μὲν ἀπὸ θερινῶν ἀνατολῶν καικίαν, τὸν δὲ τούτῳ κατὰ διάμετρον ἐναντίον λίβα ἀπὸ δύσεως ὄντα χειμερινῆς· πάλιν δὲ τὸν μὲν ἀπὸ χειμερινῆς ἀνατολῆς εὖρον, τὸν δʼ ἐναντίον ἀργέστην· τοὺς δὲ μέσους ἀπηλιώτην καὶ ζέφυρον.
And as witnesses that the winds are two, they produce Thrasyalces and the poet himself, because he assigns the Argestes to the South wind: 'of the clearing South wind,' and the Zephyrus to the North wind: 'the North wind and the West wind, which both blow from Thrace.' But Poseidonius says that none of those famous in these matters, such as Aristotle, Timosthenes, and Bion the astrologer, has handed down the winds in this way; but rather they make the one from the summer sunrise Caicias, and the one diametrically opposite to this, which is Lips, from the winter sunset; and again, the one from the winter sunrise Eurus, and the opposite one Argestes; and the middle ones Apeliotes and Zephyrus.
τὸν δὲ ποιητὴν δυσαῆ μὲν ζέφυρον λέγειν τὸν ὑφʼ ἡμῶν καλούμενον ἀργέστην, λίγα δὲ πνέοντα ζέφυρον τὸν ὑφʼ ἡμῶν ζέφυρον, ἀργέστην δὲ νότον τὸν λευκόνοτον· οὗτος γὰρ ὀλίγα τὰ νέφη ποιεῖ, τοῦ λοιποῦ νότου ὀλεροῦ πως ὄντος.
And he says that the poet calls 'harsh-blowing Zephyrus' the one called Argestes by us, and 'gently-blowing Zephyrus' the one called Zephyrus by us, and 'Argestes Notus' the Leuconotus; for this latter produces few clouds, whereas the rest of the South wind is somewhat turbid.
ὡς ὁπότε ζέφυρος νέφεα στυφελίξῃ, ἀργεστᾶο νότοιο βαθείῃ λαίλαπι τύπτων. τὸν γὰρ δυσαῆ ζέφυρον νῦν λέγει, ὃς εἴωθε διασκιδνάναι τὰ ὑπὸ τοῦ λευκονότου συναγόμενα ἀσθενῆ ὄντα, ἐπιθέτως τοῦ νότου νῦν ἀργέστου λεγομένου.
'As when the West wind drives the clouds of the clearing South wind, striking them with a deep tempest.' For he is now speaking of the harsh-blowing Zephyrus, which is accustomed to disperse the weak clouds gathered by the Leuconotus, the South wind being here called 'Argestes' adjectivally.
ταῦτα μὲν δὴ ἐν ἀρχῇ τοῦ πρώτου τῶν γεωγραφικῶν εἰρημένα τοιαύτην τινὰ τὴν ἐπανόρθωσιν ἔχει.
These things, indeed, spoken at the beginning of the first book of the Geography, have some such correction.
§1.2.22Ἐπιμένων δὲ τοῖς περὶ Ὁμήρου ψευδῶς ὑποληφθεῖσι καὶ ταῦτά φησιν, ὅτι οὐδὲ τὰ τοῦ Νείλου στόματα οἶδε πλείω ὄντα οὐδʼ αὐτὸ τοὔνομα, Ἡσίοδος δὲ οἶδε· μέμνηται γάρ.
Persisting in his false assumptions concerning Homer, he also says this: that Homer did not even know that the mouths of the Nile are more than one, nor the name itself, whereas Hesiod knew, for he mentions it.
τὸ μὲν οὖν ὄνομα εἰκὸς μήπω λέγεσθαι κατʼ αὐτόν·
Now, as for the name, it is likely that it was not yet spoken in his time.
τὰ δὲ στόματα εἰ μὲν ἦν ἀφανῆ καὶ ὀλίγοις γνώριμα ὅτι πλείω καὶ οὐχ ἕν, δοίη τις ἂν μὴ πεπύσθαι αὐτόν·
But as for the mouths, if they had been obscure and known to few to be more than one and not single, one might grant that he had not heard of them.
εἰ δὲ τῶν κατʼ Αἴγυπτον τὸ γνωριμώτατον καὶ παραδοξότατον καὶ μάλιστα πάντων μνήμης ἄξιον καὶ ἱστορίας ὁ ποταμὸς καὶ ἦν καὶ ἐστίν, ὡς δʼ αὕτως αἱ ἀναβάσεις αὐτοῦ καὶ τὰ στόματα, τίς ἂν ἢ τοὺς ἀγγέλλοντας αὐτῷ ποταμὸν Αἴγυπτον καὶ χώραν καὶ Θήβας Αἰγυπτίας καὶ Φάρον ὑπολάβοι μὴ γνωρίζειν ταῦτα, ἢ γνωρίζοντας μὴ λέγειν, πλὴν εἰ μὴ διὰ τὸ γνώριμον;
But if the river both was and is the most famous, most wonderful, and most of all worthy of memory and history among the things in Egypt, and likewise its inundations and its mouths, who would suppose either that those who reported to him the river Egypt, the land, Egyptian Thebes, and Pharos did not know these things, or, knowing them, did not mention them except because they were so well known?
ἔτι δʼ ἀπιθανώτερον, εἰ τὴν μὲν Αἰθιοπίαν ἔλεγε καὶ Σιδονίους καὶ Ἐρεμβοὺς καὶ τὴν ἔξω θάλατταν καὶ τὸ διχθὰ δεδάσθαι τοὺς Αἰθίοπας, τὰ δʼ ἐγγὺς καὶ γνώριμα μή.
It is still more incredible if he spoke of Ethiopia, the Sidonians, the Erembi, the outer sea, and the Ethiopians being divided in two, but did not know the nearby and well-known things.
εἰ δὲ μὴ ἐμνήσθη τούτων, οὐ τοῦτο σημεῖον τοῦ ἀγνοεῖν· οὐδὲ γὰρ τῆς αὐτοῦ πατρίδος ἐμνήσθη οὐδὲ πολλῶν ἄλλων, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον τὰ λίαν γνώριμα ὄντα φαίη τις ἂν δόξαι μὴ ἄξια μνήμης εἶναι πρὸς τοὺς εἰδότας.
And if he did not mention these, this is no sign of ignorance; for he did not mention his own homeland either, nor many other things, but rather one might say that things which are too well known seemed to be not worthy of mention to those who already knew them.
§1.2.23οὐκ εὖ δὲ οὐδὲ τοῦτο προφέρουσιν αὐτῷ τὸ περὶ τῆς νήσου τῆς Φαρίας, ὅτι φησὶ πελαγίαν, ὡς κατʼ ἄγνοιαν λέγοντι·
And they do not do well either in bringing up against him this matter of the island of Pharos, because he says it is out in the open sea, as if he were speaking out of ignorance.
τοὐναντίον γὰρ κἂν μαρτυρίῳ χρήσαιτό τις τούτῳ πρὸς τὸ μὴ ἀγνοεῖσθαι μηδὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ τῶν εἰρημένων ἀρτίως περὶ τὴν Αἴγυπτον.
For on the contrary, one might use this very thing as a proof that nothing of what has just been said about Egypt was unknown to the poet.
γνοίης δʼ ἂν οὕτως· ἀλαζὼν δὴ πᾶς ὁ πλάνην αὑτοῦ διηγούμενος·
And you may understand it in this way: everyone who narrates his own wanderings is a boaster.
τούτων δʼ ἦν καὶ ὁ Μενέλαος, ὃς ἀναβεβηκὼς μέχρις Αἰθιόπων ἐπέπυστο τὰς ἀναβάσεις τοῦ Νείλου καὶ τὴν χοῦν ὅσην ἐπιφέρει τῇ χώρᾳ, καὶ τὸν πρὸ τῶν στομάτων πόρον ὅσον ἤδη προσχώσας τῇ ἠπείρῳ προστέθεικεν, ὥστε εἰκότως ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἡροδότου καὶ τὴν ὅλην Αἴγυπτον τοῦ ποταμοῦ δῶρον λέγεσθαι· κἂν εἰ μὴ τὴν ὅλην, τήν γε ὑπὸ τῷ Δέλτα τὴν κάτω χώραν προσαγορευομένην.
And Menelaus was one of these, who, having gone up as far as the Ethiopians, had learned of the inundations of the Nile and how much alluvial soil it brings down to the land, and how much of the passage in front of the mouths it had already silted up and added to the mainland, so that reasonably the whole of Egypt is called by Herodotus a 'gift of the river'; and even if not the whole, at least the lower country beneath the Delta.
ἱστόρησε δὲ καὶ τὴν Φάρον πελαγίαν οὖσαν τὸ παλαιόν· προσεψεύσατο δὴ καὶ τὸ πελαγίαν εἶναι, καίπερ μηκέτι πελαγίαν οὖσαν.
And he also learned by inquiry that Pharos had been out in the open sea in ancient times; so he added the falsehood of its being out in the open sea, although it was no longer so.
ὁ δὲ ταῦτα διασκευάζων ὁ ποιητὴς ἦν· ὥστʼ ἐκ τούτων εἰκάζειν ὅτι καὶ τὰς ἀναβάσεις ᾔδει καὶ τὰ στόματα τοῦ Νείλου.
And it was the poet who fashioned these things; so that from these we may infer that he knew both the inundations and the mouths of the Nile.