§1.2.20τὸ δʼ ὅλον οὐκ εὖ τὸ τὴν Ὁμήρου ποίησιν εἰς ἓν συνάγειν τῇ τῶν ἄλλων ποιητῶν εἴς τε τἆλλα καὶ εἰς αὐτὰ τὰ νῦν προκείμενα τὰ τῆς γεωγραφίας καὶ μηδὲν αὐτῷ πρεσβεῖον ἀπονέμειν.
On the whole, it is not well to class Homer's poetry together with that of the other poets in other respects and in these very geographical matters now before us, and to award him no preeminence.
καὶ γὰρ εἰ μηδὲν ἄλλο, τόν γε Τριπτόλεμον τὸν Σοφοκλέους ἢ τὸν ἐν ταῖς Βάκχαις ταῖς Εὐριπίδου πρόλογον ἐπελθόντα καὶ παραβαλόντα τὴν Ὁμήρου περὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐπιμέλειαν, ῥᾷον ἦν αἰσθέσθαι τὴν ὑπερβολὴν ἢ τὴν διαφοράν·
For, if nothing else, for anyone who has gone over Sophocles' *Triptolemus* or the prologue in Euripides' *Bacchae* and compared Homer's care about such things, it was easier to perceive the superiority, or at least the difference.
ὅπου γὰρ χρεία τάξεως ὧν μέμνηται τόπων, φυλάττει τὴν τάξιν ὁμοίως μὲν τῶν Ἑλληνικῶν, ὁμοίως δὲ τῶν ἄπωθεν· Ὄσσαν ἐπʼ Οὐλύμπῳ μέμασαν θέμεν, αὐτὰρ ἐπʼ Ὄσσῃ Πήλιον εἰνοσίφυλλον. Ἥρη δʼ ἀίξασα λίπεν ῥίον Οὐλύμποιο, Πιερίην δʼ ἐπιβᾶσα καὶ Ἠμαθίην ἐρατεινὴν σεύατʼ ἐφʼ ἱπποπόλων Θρῃκῶν ὄρεα νιφόεντα· ἐξ Ἀθόω δʼ ἐπὶ πόντον. καὶ ἐν τῷ καταλόγῳ τὰς μὲν πόλεις οὐκ ἐφεξῆς λέγει·
For where there is need of order among the places he mentions, he preserves the order, equally in the case of Greek places, and equally in the case of those far away: 'They were eager to heap Ossa on Olympus, and on Ossa, leaf-quivering Pelion.' 'And Hera darting down left the peak of Olympus, and having stepped upon Pieria and lovely Emathia, she sped to the snowy mountains of the horse-breeding Thracians; and from Athos onto the sea.' And in the Catalogue, he does not mention the cities in order (for that is not necessary), but he does so for the nations.
οὐ γὰρ ἀναγκαῖον· τὰ δὲ ἔθνη ἐφεξῆς. ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ περὶ τῶν ἄπωθεν· Κύπρον Φοινίκην τε καὶ Αἰγυπτίους ἐπαληθεὶς Αἰθίοπάς θʼ ἱκόμην καὶ Σιδονίους καὶ Ἐρεμβοὺς καὶ Λιβύην. ὅπερ καὶ Ἵππαρχος ἐπισημαίνεται.
And likewise also concerning those far away: 'Having wandered over Cyprus and Phoenicia and the Egyptians, I came to the Ethiopians and Sidonians and Erembi and Libya.' Which is what Hipparchus also points out.
οἱ δʼ ἐφʼ ὧν τάξεως χρεία, ὁ μὲν τὸν Διόνυσον ἐπιόντα τὰ ἔθνη φράζων, ὁ δὲ τὸν Τριπτόλεμον τὴν κατασπειρομένην γῆν, τὰ μὲν πολὺ διεστῶτα συνάπτουσιν ἐγγύς, τὰ δὲ συνεχῆ διασπῶσι· λιπὼν δὲ Λυδῶν τὰς πολυχρύσους γύας Φρυγῶν τε Περσῶν θʼ ἡλιοβλήτους πλάκας Βάκτριά τε τείχη, τήν τε δύσχειμον χθόνα Μήδων ἐπελθὼν Ἀραβίαν τʼ εὐδαίμονα. τοιαῦτα δὲ καὶ ὁ Τριπτόλεμος ποιεῖ.
But those other poets, in cases where there is need of order, the one describing Dionysus traversing the nations, the other Triptolemus traversing the earth which was being sown, join closely together things that are far apart, and tear apart things that are continuous: 'And leaving the gold-rich fields of the Lydians, and the sun-struck plains of the Phrygians and Persians, and the Bactrian walls, and having gone through the stormy land of the Medes, and happy Arabia.' And Triptolemus does similar things.
κἀν τοῖς κλίμασι δὲ κἀν τοῖς ἀνέμοις διαφαίνει τὸ πολυμαθὲς τὸ περὶ τὴν γεωγραφίαν Ὅμηρος, ἐν ταῖς τοποθεσίαις λέγων ἅμα καὶ ταῦτα πολλαχοῦ· αὐτὴ δὲ χθαμαλὴ πανυπερτάτη εἰν ἁλὶ κεῖται πρὸς ζόφον· αἱ δέ τʼ ἄνευθε πρὸς ἠῶ τʼ ἠέλιόν τε. δύω δέ τέ οἱ θύραι εἰσίν, αἱ μὲν πρὸς βορέαν, αἱ δʼ αὖ πρὸς νότον. εἴτʼ ἐπὶ δεξίʼ ἴωσι πρὸς ἠῶ τʼ ἠέλιόν τε, εἴτʼ ἐπʼ ἀριστερά τοί γε ποτὶ ζόφον. καὶ μὴν τὴν ἄγνοιάν γε τῶν τοιούτων τελείαν ἡγεῖται σύγχυσιν τῶν ἁπάντων· ὦ φίλοι, οὐ γάρ τʼ ἴδμεν, ὅπῃ ζόφος οὐδʼ ὅπῃ ἠώς, οὐδʼ ὅπῃ ἠέλιος. κἀνταῦθα δʼ εἰπόντος εὖ τοῦ ποιητοῦ
βορέης καὶ ζέφυρος, τώ τε Θρῄκηθεν ἄητον,
οὐκ εὖ δεξάμενος ὁ αὐτὸς συκοφαντεῖ ὡς καθόλου λέγοντος, ὅτι ὁ ζέφυρος ἐκ Θρᾴκης πνεῖ, ἐκείνου λέγοντος οὐ καθόλου, ἀλλʼ ὅταν κατὰ τὴν Θρᾳκίαν θάλατταν συμπέσωσι περὶ τὸν Μέλανα κόλπον αὐτοῦ τοῦ Αἰγαίου μέρος οὖσαν.
And in the matter of climates and winds, Homer displays his great learning regarding geography, mentioning these also in his descriptions of localities in many places: 'And it lies low, furthest out in the sea toward the dusk; but the others lie apart toward the dawn and the sun.' 'And it has two gates, the one toward the North wind, and the other toward the South wind.' 'Whether they go to the right toward the dawn and the sun, or to the left toward the dusk.' Indeed, he considers ignorance of such things to be a complete confusion of all things: 'O friends, for we do not know where the dusk is, nor where the dawn, nor where the sun.' And here too, although the poet spoke well: 'The North wind and the West wind, which both blow from Thrace,' the same writer, not understanding it well, slanders him as if he were speaking universally, saying that the West wind blows from Thrace, whereas the poet was speaking not universally, but of the case when they fall together upon the Thracian Sea around the Melas Gulf, which is a part of the Aegean itself.
ἐπιστροφὴν γὰρ λαμβάνει πρὸς νότον ἀκρωτηριάζουσα ἡ Θρᾴκη καθʼ ἃ συνάπτει τῇ Μακεδονίᾳ, καὶ προπίπτουσα εἰς τὸ πέλαγος τοὺς ζεφύρους ἐντεῦθεν πνέοντας ἀποφαίνει τοῖς ἐν Θάσῳ καὶ Λήμνῳ καὶ Ἴμβρῳ καὶ Σαμοθρᾴκῃ καὶ τῇ περὶ αὐτὰς θαλάττῃ, καθάπερ καὶ τῇ Ἀττικῇ ἀπὸ τῶν Σκειρωνίδων πετρῶν, ἀφʼ ὧν καὶ Σκείρωνες καλοῦνται οἱ ζέφυροι, καὶ μάλιστα οἱ ἀργέσται.
For Thrace, making a bend toward the south where it joins Macedonia, and projecting into the sea, causes the west winds blowing from there to appear to those in Thasos, Lemnos, Imbros, and Samothrace, and the sea around them, just as also to Attica from the Scironian Rocks, from which also the west winds, and especially the north-west winds, are called Scirones.
οὐκ ἐνόησε δὲ τοῦτο Ἐρατοσθένης, ὑπενόησε δʼ ὅμως.
Eratosthenes did not perceive this, yet he had some inkling of it.
αὐτὸς γοῦν ἐξηγεῖται τὴν ἐπιστροφὴν ἣν λέγω τῆς χώρας· ὡς καθόλου οὖν δέχεται, εἶτʼ ἀπειρίαν αἰτιᾶται τοῦ ποιητοῦ, ὡς τοῦ ζεφύρου μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς ἑσπέρας πνέοντος καὶ τῆς Ἰβηρίας, τῆς δὲ Θρᾴκης ἐκεῖσε μὴ διατεινούσης.
At any rate, he himself explains the bend of the land which I am mentioning; nevertheless, he takes it as a universal statement, and then accuses the poet of ignorance, on the ground that the west wind blows from the west and Iberia, while Thrace does not extend thither.
πότερον οὖν τὸν ζέφυρον ἀγνοεῖ ἀπὸ ἑσπέρας πνέοντα;
Does he then not know that the west wind blows from the west?
ἀλλʼ ὅταν οὕτω φῇ, φυλάττει τὴν οἰκείαν αὐτοῦ τάξιν
σὺν δʼ εὖρός τε νότος τε πέσον ζέφυρός τε δυσαὴς καὶ βορέης· ἢ τὴν Θρᾴκην οὐκ οἶδε μὴ προπίπτουσαν πέραν τῶν Παιονικῶν καὶ Θετταλικῶν ὀρῶν;
Nay, when he speaks thus, he preserves its proper order: 'And East Wind and South Wind clashed together, and the harsh-blowing West Wind and the North Wind;' Or does he not know that Thrace does not project beyond the Paeonian and Thessalian mountains?
ἀλλὰ καὶ ταύτην τὴν ἐφεξῆς κατὰ τοὺς Θρᾷκας εἰδὼς καὶ κατονομάζων τήν τε παραλίαν καὶ τὴν μεσόγαιαν Μάγνητας μέν τινας καὶ Μαλιεῖς καὶ τοὺς ἐφεξῆς Ἕλληνας καταλέγει μέχρι Θεσπρωτῶν, ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τοῖς Παίοσι τοὺς ὁμόρους Δόλοπας καὶ Σελλοὺς περὶ Δωδώνην μέχρις Ἀχελώου· Θρᾳκῶν δʼ οὐ μέμνηται περαιτέρω.
Nay, knowing also this land which is next to the Thracians, and naming both the coast and the interior, he lists certain Magnetes and Malians and the successive Greeks as far as the Thesprotians, and likewise also the Dolopes bordering on the Paeonians and the Selli around Dodona as far as the Achelous; but he makes no mention of Thracians further on.
εὐεπιφόρως δὲ ἔχει πρὸς τὴν ἐγγυτάτην καὶ γνωριμωτάτην ἑαυτῷ θάλατταν, ὡς καὶ ὅταν φῇ
κινήθη δʼ ἀγορὴ ὡς κύματα μακρὰ θαλάσσης πόντου Ἰκαρίοιο.
And he is easily inclined to refer to the sea nearest and most familiar to himself, as also when he says: 'And the assembly was stirred like the long waves of the sea, of the Icarian sea.'