§1.2.1εἰ δὲ πολλῶν προειπόντων ἐπιχειροῦμεν καὶ αὐτοὶ λέγειν περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν, οὔπω μεμπτέον, ἂν μὴ καὶ τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον διελεγχθῶμεν ἐκείνοις ἅπαντα λέγοντες.
Even if we ourselves, though many have spoken before us, attempt to write about the same things, we should not yet be blamed, unless we are proved to be saying everything in the same manner as they did.
ὑπολαμβάνομεν δʼ ἄλλων ἄλλο τι κατορθωσάντων ἄλλο πολὺ μέρος ἔτι τοῦ ἔργου λείπεσθαι· πρὸς οἷς ἂν καὶ μικρὸν προσλαβεῖν δυνηθῶμεν, ἱκανὴν δεῖ τίθεσθαι πρόφασιν τῆς ἐπιχειρήσεως.
For we suppose that, while others have succeeded in some particular parts, another large part of the work still remains; and if we can add even a little to what they have done, we must consider this a sufficient excuse for our undertaking.
καὶ γὰρ δὴ πολύ τι τοῖς νῦν ἡ τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἐπικράτεια καὶ τῶν Παρθυαίων τῆς τοιαύτης ἐμπειρίας προσδέδωκε, καθάπερ τοῖς μετὰ τὴν Ἀλεξάνδρου στρατείαν, ὥς φησιν Ἐρατοσθένης·
For indeed, the supremacy of the Romans and that of the Parthians has added a great deal of such experience to the people of today, just as Eratosthenes says happened to those after Alexander's expedition.
ὁ μὲν γὰρ τῆς Ἀσίας πολλὴν ἀνεκάλυψεν ἡμῖν καὶ τῶν βορείων τῆς Εὐρώπης ἅπαντα μέχρι τοῦ Ἴστρου· οἱ δὲ Ῥωμαῖοι τὰ ἑσπέρια τῆς Εὐρώπης ἅπαντα μέχρι Ἄλβιος ποταμοῦ τοῦ τὴν Γερμανίαν δίχα διαιροῦντος τά τε πέραν Ἴστρου τὰ μέχρι Τύρα ποταμοῦ· τὰ δὲ ἐπέκεινα μέχρι Μαιωτῶν καὶ τῆς εἰς Κόλχους τελευτώσης παραλίας Μιθριδάτης ὁ κληθεὶς Εὐπάτωρ ἐποίησε γνώριμα καὶ οἱ ἐκείνου στρατηγοί· οἱ δὲ Παρθυαῖοι τὰ περὶ τὴν Ὑρκανίαν καὶ τὴν Βακτριανὴν καὶ τοὺς ὑπὲρ τούτων Σκύθας γνωριμωτέρους ἡμῖν ἐποίησαν, ἧττον γνωριζομένους ὑπὸ τῶν πρότερον· ὥστε ἔχοιμεν ἄν τι λέγειν πλέον τῶν πρὸ ἡμῶν.
For the latter revealed to us much of Asia and all the northern parts of Europe as far as the Ister; whereas the Romans revealed all the western parts of Europe as far as the river Albis, which divides Germany in two, and those parts beyond the Ister as far as the river Tyras; and those parts further on as far as the Maeotae and the coast ending at Colchis were made known by Mithridates, called Eupator, and his generals; and the Parthians made the regions around Hyrcania and Bactriana, and the Scythians beyond them, more familiar to us, who were less known by those of former times; so that we would have something more to say than our predecessors.
ὁρᾶν δʼ ἔσται τοῦτο μάλιστα ἐν τοῖς λόγοις τοῖς πρὸς τοὺς πρὸ ἡμῶν, ἧττον μὲν τοὺς πάλαι, μᾶλλον δὲ τοὺς μετʼ Ἐρατοσθένη καὶ αὐτὸν ἐκεῖνον· οὓς εἰκὸς ὅσῳπερ πολυμαθέστεροι τῶν πολλῶν γεγόνασι, τοσούτῳ δυσελεγκτοτέρους εἶναι τοῖς ὕστερον, ἄν τι πλημμελῶς λέγωσιν.
And this will be especially visible in our discussions against our predecessors, less indeed against the ancient ones, but more against those after Eratosthenes and Eratosthenes himself; whom it is natural that, by as much as they have been more learned than the crowd, by so much they are more difficult to refute for those who come after, if they say anything erroneously.
εἰ δʼ ἀναγκασθησόμεθά που τοῖς αὐτοῖς ἀντιλέγειν, οἷς μάλιστα ἐπακολουθοῦμεν κατʼ ἄλλα, δεῖ συγγνώμην ἔχειν· οὐ γὰρ πρόκειται πρὸς ἅπαντας ἀντιλέγειν, ἀλλὰ τοὺς μὲν πολλοὺς ἐᾶν, οἷς μηδὲ ἀκολουθεῖν ἄξιον, ἐκείνους δὲ διαιτᾶν, οὓς ἐν τοῖς πλείστοις κατωρθωκότας ἴσμεν, ἐπεὶ οὐδὲ πρὸς ἅπαντας φιλοσοφεῖν ἄξιον, πρὸς Ἐρατοσθένη δὲ καὶ Ἵππαρχον καὶ Ποσειδώνιον καὶ Πολύβιον καὶ ἄλλους τοιούτους καλόν.
But if we are forced in some place to contradict the very ones whom we most follow in other respects, we must be forgiven; for it is not our purpose to contradict everyone, but to let alone the many, whom it is not even worth following, and to arbitrate the views of those whom we know to have succeeded in most things, since indeed it is not even worth debating philosophically with everyone, whereas it is a noble thing to do so with Eratosthenes, Hipparchus, Posidonius, Polybius, and others of that kind.
§1.2.2πρῶτον δʼ ἐπισκεπτέον Ἐρατοσθένη παρατιθέντας ἅμα καὶ τὴν Ἱππάρχου πρὸς αὐτὸν ἀντιλογίαν ἔστι δʼ ὁ Ἐρατοσθένης οὔθʼ οὕτως εὐκατατρόχαστος ὥστε μηδʼ Ἀθήνας αὐτὸν ἰδεῖν φάσκειν, ὅπερ Πολέμων ἐπιχειρεῖ δεικνύναι, οὔτʼ ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον πιστὸς ἐφʼ ὅσον παρεδέξαντό τινες, καίπερ πλείστοις ἐντυχών, ὡς εἴρηκεν αὐτός, ἀγαθοῖς ἀνδράσιν.
And first we must examine Eratosthenes, presenting at the same time Hipparchus's contradiction against him. Now Eratosthenes is neither so easily run down as to say, as Polemon attempts to show, that he had not even seen Athens, nor on the other hand is he so trustworthy to the extent that some have accepted, although he met, as he himself has said, very many excellent men.
ἐγένοντο γάρ
φησίν
ὡς οὐδέποτε, κατὰ τοῦτον τὸν καιρὸν ὑφʼ ἕνα περίβολον καὶ μίαν πόλιν οἱ κατʼ Ἀρίστωνα καὶ Ἀρκεσίλαον ἀνθήσαντες φιλόσοφοι. οὐχ ἱκανὸν δʼ οἶμαι τοῦτο, ἀλλὰ τὸ κρίνειν καλῶς οἷς μᾶλλον προσιτέον.
"For there arose," he says, "as never before, during this time under one enclosure and in one city, the philosophers who flourished around Ariston and Arcesilaus." But this, I think, is not sufficient, but rather to judge well those whom one should rather approach.
ὁ δὲ Ἀρκεσίλαον καὶ Ἀρίστωνα τῶν καθʼ αὑτὸν ἀνθησάντων κορυφαίους τίθησιν· Ἀπελλῆς τε αὐτῷ πολύς ἐστι καὶ Βίων, ὅν φησι πρῶτον ἀνθινὰ περιβαλεῖν φιλοσοφίαν· ἀλλʼ ὅμως πολλάκις εἰπεῖν ἄν τινα ἐπʼ αὐτοῦ τοῦτο
οἵην ἐκ ῥακέων ὁ Βίων. ἐν αὐταῖς γὰρ ταῖς ἀποφάσεσι ταύταις ἱκανὴν ἀσθένειαν ἐμφαίνει τῆς ἑαυτοῦ γνώμης· ᾗ τοῦ Ζήνωνος τοῦ Κιτιέως γνώριμος γενόμενος Ἀθήνησι τῶν μὲν ἐκεῖνον διαδεξαμένων οὐδενὸς μέμνηται, τοὺς δʼ ἐκείνῳ διενεχθέντας καὶ ὧν διαδοχὴ οὐδεμία σώζεται, τούτους ἀνθῆσαί φησι κατὰ τὸν καιρὸν ἐκεῖνον.
But he places Arcesilaus and Ariston as the leaders of those who flourished in his time; and he is full of Apelles and Bion, whom he says first clothed philosophy in flowery garments; but nevertheless one might often say of Bion himself this: "What a Bion from rags!" For in these very assertions he displays a sufficient weakness of his own judgment; since, having become a pupil of Zeno of Citium in Athens, he mentions none of those who succeeded him, but says that those who differed with him, and of whom no succession is preserved, flourished at that time.
δηλοῖ δὲ καὶ ἡ περὶ τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἐκδοθεῖσα ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ πραγματεία καὶ μελέται καὶ εἴ τι ἄλλο τοιοῦτο τὴν ἀγωγὴν αὐτοῦ, διότι μέσος ἦν τοῦ τε βουλομένου φιλοσοφεῖν καὶ τοῦ μὴ θαρροῦντος ἐγχειρίζειν ἑαυτὸν εἰς τὴν ὑπόσχεσιν ταύτην, ἀλλὰ μόνον μέχρι τοῦ δοκεῖν προϊόντος, ἢ καὶ παράβασίν τινα ταύτην ἀπὸ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν ἐγκυκλίων πεπορισμένου πρὸς διαγωγὴν ἢ καὶ παιδιάν· τρόπον δέ τινα καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἄλλοις ἐστὶ τοιοῦτος.
And his treatise "On Goods" published by him, and his school-exercises, and any other such work, also show his training, because he was midway between the one who wants to philosophize and the one who does not dare to commit himself to this promise, but proceeds only as far as appearing to do so, or even having procured this deviation from the other general studies for entertainment or play; and in a certain way he is of this character in other matters too.
ἀλλʼ ἐκεῖνα ἐάσθω, πρὸς δὲ τὰ νῦν ἐπιχειρητέον ὅσα δύναιτʼ ἂν ἐπανορθοῦν τὴν γεωγραφίαν, καὶ πρῶτον ὅπερ ἀρτίως ὑπερεθέμεθα.
But let those things be dismissed, and we must now attempt those things which might correct geography, and first what we just now postponed.