§B.28## τὰ ἐξ ὧν πόλις οἰκεῖται.
## The things from which a city is inhabited.
διαιρεῖται τὰ ἐξ ὧν πόλις οἰκεῖται εἰς τρία.
The things from which a city is inhabited are divided into three.
ἔστι γὰρ αὐτῶν ἓν μὲν ἐκ τοῦ μαχίμου μέρους τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἓν δὲ ἐκ τοῦ βουλεύεσθαι δυναμένου, ἓν δὲ ἐκ τοῦ ἐργάζεσθαι.
For one of them is from the fighting part of men, one from that which is able to deliberate, and one from that which works.
τὸ μὲν οὖν μάχιμον μέρος τὸ ἄλκιμόν ἐστι, τὸ δὲ βουλεύεσθαι δυνάμενον τὸ τῶν πρεσβυτέρων, τὸ δὲ ἐργάζεσθαι τὸ τῶν τεχνιτῶν καὶ γεωργῶν καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν τοιούτων.
Now the fighting part is the brave, that which is able to deliberate is that of the elders, and that which works is that of the artisans and farmers and other such people.
τούτων δὲ ὅτι ἂν ἀπῇ, οὐ ῥᾳδίως ἡ πόλις οἰκεῖται.
If any of these is absent, the city is not easily inhabited.
§B.29## ἡ γένεσις.
## Generation.
διαιρεῖται ἡ γένεσις εἰς τέσσαρα.
Generation is divided into four.
ἔστι δὲ αὐτῆς ἓν μὲν ἐξ οὐκ ὄντος εἰς οὐσίαν μεταβάλλειν, οἷον τὸν οὐκ ὄντα υἱὸν γενέσθαι καὶ ἀνδριάντα τὸν οὐκ ὄντα γενέσθαι καὶ πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτα, ἓν δὲ ἐκ τόπου εἰς τόπον μεταβάλλειν καὶ τεθῆναι ἐν ἄλλῳ, οἷον οἱ πλέοντες καὶ πορευόμενοι καὶ πᾶν τὸ τοιοῦτον, ἓν δὲ ἕξεως καὶ διαθέσεως μεταβολή, οἷον τὸ ἐξ ἀπαιδεύτου πεπαιδευμένον γενέσθαι καὶ ἐκ νέου πρεσβύτην καὶ ἐξ ἐχθροῦ φίλον, ἓν δὲ πραγμάτων μεταβολή, οἷον ἐκ πλουσίου πένητα καὶ ἐξ ἰδιώτου ἄρχοντα καὶ ἐξ ἄρχοντος ἰδιώτην γενέσθαι καὶ ἄλλα τοιαῦτα.
One of it is changing from non-being to essence, for example, a non-existent son coming to be, and a non-existent statue coming to be, and all such things. One is changing from place to place and being placed in another, for example, those who sail and those who travel, and all such things. One is a change of habit and disposition, for example, becoming educated from uneducated, and an elder from a youth, and a friend from an enemy. One is a change of circumstances, for example, becoming poor from rich, and a ruler from a private citizen, and a private citizen from a ruler, and other such things.
§B.30## τὸ ἀληθὲς.
## The true.
διαιρεῖται τὸ ἀληθὲς εἰς τρία.
The true is divided into three.
ἔστι γὰρ αὐτοῦ ἓν μὲν τὸ πρᾶγμα ἀληθὲς εἶναι, ἓν δὲ τὸν λόγον, ἓν δὲ καὶ τὸ συναμφότερον.
For of it, one is that the thing is true, one that the statement is true, and one also both together.
ἔστι δὲ τὸ πρᾶγμα ἀληθές, ὅταν ᾖ οὕτως ἔχον καὶ οὐκ ἄλλως, οἷον τὸ τὸν θεὸν ἀθάνατον εἶναι· οὕτως γὰρ ἔχει τὸ πρᾶγμα καὶ οὐκ ἄλλως.
The thing is true when it is so and not otherwise, for example, that God is immortal; for the thing is so and not otherwise.
τὸ δὲ λέγειν
οὗτος ἐστὶν ἀληθὴς λόγος
τοῦ ἀληθοῦς ἐστιν· ἔστι γὰρ ὁ λόγος πρᾶγμα ὑπὸ τὸν λόγον τοῦτον ὄν.
And to say "this is a true statement" belongs to the true; for the statement is a thing being under this statement.
τὸ δὲ λέγειν ὅτι
οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἔμψυχοί εἰσι
, καὶ ὁ λόγος ἀληθής ἐστι καὶ τὸ πρᾶγμα.
And to say that "human beings are animate", both the statement is true and the thing.
§B.31## τὸ ψεῦδος.
## The false.
διαιρεῖται τὸ ψεῦδος εἰς τρία.
The false is divided into three.
ἔστι γὰρ αὐτοῦ ἓν μὲν τὸ τὸ πρᾶγμα εἶναι ψεῦδος, ἓν δὲ τὸν λόγον, ἓν δὲ τὸ συναμφότερον.
For of it, one is that the thing is false, one that the statement is false, and one both together.
τὸ μὲν οὖν πρᾶγμά ἐστι ψεῦδος, ὅταν μὴ οὕτως ἔχῃ ὡς λέγεται ἀλλ’ ἄλλως, οἷον 〈ὅτι〉 ὁ καθήμενός ἐστιν ἑστηκὼς ἢ ὁ λευκὸς 〈μέλας〉.
Now, the thing is false when it is not as it is said but otherwise, for example, <that> the one sitting is standing, or the white one is <black>.
ὁ δὲ λόγος ἔσται ψευδής, ὅταν τις λέγῃ τὸν ἀληθῆ λόγον εἶναι ψευδῆ, οἷον ὁ λέγων τὸν περὶ τοῦ θεοῦ λόγον [οἷον ὁ λέγων] ὅτι ἔστι θεὸς 〈ἀθάνατος〉, καὶ τοῦτον ὁ φάσκων ψευδῆ εἶναι, ὁ λόγος οὗτός ἐστι ψευδής· οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ὑπὸ τὸν λόγον τοῦτον πρᾶγμα οὐδὲν ἀλλὰ ὁ λόγος.
The statement will be false when someone says that the true statement is false, for example, one who says the statement about God that God is <immortal>, and the one asserting this to be false, this statement is false; for there is no thing under this statement, but only the statement.
ὁ δὲ λέγων τὴν ἡμέραν νύκτα εἶναι καὶ τὸ πρᾶγμα ψεῦδος ἐρεῖ καὶ τὸν λόγον.
And one who says that day is night will speak falsely both in the thing and in the statement.
§B.32## ἡ τιμὴ.
## Honor.
διαιρεῖται ἡ τιμὴ εἰς τρία.
Honor is divided into three.
ἔστι γὰρ αὐτῆς ἓν μὲν εἰς ἀργυρίου λόγον, ἓν δὲ εἰς ἐπαίνου λόγον, ἓν δὲ εἰς θεραπείας τινὸς καὶ ἐπιμελείας λόγον.
For of it, one is in terms of money, one in terms of praise, and one in terms of some service and care.
τὸ μὲν οὖν εἰς ἀργυρίου λόγον ἐστὶν ἀξία ἐν πράσει καὶ ὠνήσει, οἷον ἄξια τῆς τιμῆς φαμεν εἶναι.
That which is in terms of money is value in selling and buying, as we say things are worthy of the price.
τὸ δὲ εἰς ἐπαίνου λόγον [εἶναι], οἷον αἱ ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι τιμαὶ δι’ ἐνίας πράξεις γινόμεναι καὶ δωρεαὶ διδόμεναι.
That which is in terms of praise is, for example, the honors in cities that occur due to certain actions and the gifts given.
τὸ δὲ εἰς θεραπείας λόγον καὶ ἐπιμελείας, οἷον τὸν θεὸν τιμῶμεν θεραπείᾳ τινὶ καὶ ἐπιμελείᾳ τινός, καὶ τοὺς γονεῖς δὲ τιμῶμεν, ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τὰ ἄλλα τὰ διὰ θεραπείαν γινόμενα.
That which is in terms of service and care is, for example, we honor God with some service and care, and we also honor parents, and likewise other things that occur through service.
§B.34## τῶν ἐπιστημῶν ἡ κρίσις.
## The judgment of the sciences.
διαιρεῖται τῶν ἐπιστημῶν ἡ κρίσις εἰς τρία.
The judgment of the sciences is divided into three.
ἔστι γὰρ αὐτῶν ἓν μέν, ἂν ᾖ βελτιόνων ἢ καλλιόνων, ἓν δέ, ἂν ᾖ συμφερόντων μᾶλλον καὶ κατεπειγόντων, ἓν δέ, ἂν ᾖ τῶν ἀκριβεστέρων μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ εἰς ἀπόδειξιν συντεινόντων.
For of them, one is if it is of better or more beautiful things, one if it is of more beneficial and urgent things, and one if it is of more precise and tending more towards demonstration.
ἔστι δὲ τὸ μὲν βελτιόνων καὶ καλλιόνων οἷον ἡ ἀνδριαντοποιητικὴ τέχνη καὶ ἡ ἀγαλματοποιητικὴ καὶ ἡ πορφυροβαφικὴ καὶ αἱ τοιαῦται.
That of better and more beautiful things is, for example, the art of statue-making, image-making, purple-dyeing, and suchlike.
συμφερόντων δὲ καὶ μᾶλλον κατεπείγόντων οἷον ἡ σκευοποιητικὴ [σκευικὴ] καὶ οἰκοδομικὴ καὶ αἱ τοιαῦται.
That of beneficial and more urgent things is, for example, tool-making, house-building, and suchlike.
ἀκριβεστέρων δὲ καὶ μᾶλλον εἰς ἀπόδειξιν συντεινόντων αἵ τε μαθηματικαὶ καὶ ἡ φιλοσοφία.
That of more precise and tending more towards demonstration are the mathematical sciences and philosophy.