§A.13_col1## ἡ ἀρετή.
## Virtue.
τῆς τελείας ἀρετῆς εἴδη ἐστὶ τέτταρα· ἓν μὲν φρόνησις, ἓν δὲ δικαιοσύνη, ἄλλο δ’ ἀνδρεία, τέταρτον | σωφροσύνῃ.
There are four kinds of perfect virtue: one is prudence, one is justice, another is courage, and the fourth | is temperance.
τούτων ἡ μὲν φρόνησις αἰτία τοῦ πράττειν ὀρθῶς τὰ πράγματα· ἡ δὲ δικαιοσύνη τοῦ ἐν ταῖς κοινωνίαις καὶ τοῖς συναλλάγμασι δικαιοπραγεῖν· ἡ δὲ ἀνδρεία τοῦ ἐν τοῖς κινδύνοις καὶ φοβεροῖς μὴ [ἐξίστασθαι] τρεῖν, ἀλλὰ μένειν· ἡ δὲ σωφροσύνη τοῦ κρατεῖν τῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν καὶ ὑπὸ μηδεμιᾶς ἡδονῆς δουλοῦσθαι, ἀλλὰ κοσμίως ζῆν.
Of these, prudence is the cause of acting rightly in affairs; justice is the cause of acting justly in associations and transactions; courage is the cause of not fleeing but remaining in dangers and fearful things; and temperance is the cause of controlling desires and not being enslaved by any pleasure, but living orderly.
τῆς ἀρετῆς ἄρα τὸ μέν ἐστι φρόνησις, ἄλλο δικαιοσύνη, τρίτον ἀνδρεία, τέταρτον σωφροσύνη.
Therefore, of virtue, some is prudence, another is justice, the third is courage, and the fourth is temperance.
§A.2_col2## ἡ ἀρετή.
## Virtue.
διαιρεῖται ἡ ἀρετὴ εἰς τέσσαρα· ἔστι γὰρ αὐτῆς ἓν μὲν φρόνησις, ἓν δὲ δικαιοσύνη, ἓν δὲ ἀνδρεία, ἓν δὲ σωφροσύνη.
Virtue is divided into four: for of it, one is prudence, one is justice, one is courage, and one is temperance.
ἔστι δὲ ἡ μὲν φρόνησις ἐν τῷ λογιστικῷ, ἡ δὲ δικαιοσύνη ἐν πᾶσι τούτοις τοῖς μέρεσι γίνεται, ἡ δὲ ἀνδρεία ἐν τῷ θυμικῷ, ἡ δὲ σωφροσύνη ἐν τῷ ἐπιθυμητικῷ.
And prudence is in the rational part, justice arises in all these parts, courage is in the spirited part, and temperance is in the appetitive part.
τῆς ἀρετῆς ἄρα ἓν μέν ἐστι φρόνησις, ἓν δὲ δικαιοσύνη, ἓν δὲ ἀνδρεία, ἓν δὲ σωφροσύνη.
Therefore, of virtue, one is prudence, one is justice, one is courage, and one is temperance.
§A.14_col1## ἡ ἀρχή.
## Rule (Beginning).
ἡ ἀρχὴ διαιρεῖται εἰς μέρη πέντε· ἓν μὲν εἰς τὸ κατὰ νόμον, ἓν δὲ εἰς τὸ κατὰ φύσιν, ἓν δὲ εἰς τὸ κατὰ ἔθος, τέταρτον δὲ εἰς τὸ κατὰ γένος, πέμπτον δὲ εἰς τὸ κατὰ βίαν.
Rule is divided into five parts: one into that according to law, one into that according to nature, one into that according to custom, the fourth into that according to birth, and the fifth into that according to force.
οἱ μὲν οὖν ἐν ταῖς πόλεσιν ἄρχοντες ὑπὸ τῶν πολιτῶν ἐπὰν αἱρεθῶσι, κατὰ νόμον ἄρχουσιν·
Now, when the rulers in the cities are chosen by the citizens, they rule according to law.
οἱ δὲ κατὰ φύσιν, οἶ〈ον οἱ〉 ἄρσενες, οὐ μόνον ἐν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἄλλοις ζῴοις· ἐπὶ πολὺ γὰρ πανταχοῦ τὰ ἄρσενα τῶν θηλειῶν ἄρχει·
And that according to nature is, for example, the male, not only in humans but also in other animals; for in most cases everywhere the males rule the females.
ἡ δὲ τοῦ κατὰ ἔθος ἀρχὴ τοιαύτη ἐστίν, οἵαν οἱ παιδαγωγοὶ τῶν παίδων ἄρχουσι καὶ οἱ διδάσκαλοι τῶν φοιτώντων.
And the rule according to custom is such as when pedagogues rule children and teachers rule those who attend school.
κατὰ γένος δὲ ἀρχὴ τοιαύτη τις λέγεται, οἵαν οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι βασιλεῖς ἄρχουσιν· ἀπὸ γὰρ γένους τινὸς ἡ βασιλεία.
And rule according to birth is said to be such as when the Lacedaemonian kings rule; for the kingship is from a certain birth.
καὶ ἐν Μακεδονίᾳ δὲ τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον ἄρχουσι· καὶ γὰρ ἐκεῖ ἀπὸ γένους ἡ βασιλεία καθίσταται.
And in Macedonia they rule in the same manner; for there also the kingship is established from birth.
οἱ δὲ βιασάμενοι ἢ παρακρουσάμενοι ἄρχουσιν ἀκόντων τῶν πολιτῶν, ἡ τοιαύτη ἀρχὴ κατὰ βίαν λέγεται εἶναι.
But those who rule by force or by deception against the will of the citizens, such rule is said to be by force.
τῆς ἀρχῆς ἄρα ἐστὶ τὸ μὲν κατὰ νόμον, τὸ δὲ κατὰ φύσιν, τὸ δὲ κατὰ ἔθος, τὸ δὲ κατὰ γένος, τὸ δὲ κατὰ βίαν.
Therefore, of rule, some is according to law, some according to nature, some according to custom, some according to birth, and some according to force.
§A.63_51_col2## ἡ ἀρχή.
## Rule (Beginning).
διαιρεῖται ἡ ἀρχὴ εἰς μέρη πέντε· ἓν μὲν εἰς τὸ κατὰ νόμον, ἓν δὲ εἰς τὸ κατὰ φύσιν, ἓν δὲ εἰς τὸ κατὰ ἔθος, ἓν δὲ εἰς τὸ κατὰ γένος, πέμπτον δὲ εἰς τὸ κατὰ βίαν.
Rule is divided into five parts: one into that according to law, one into that according to nature, one into that according to custom, one into that according to birth, and the fifth into that according to force.
οἱ μὲν οὖν ἐν ταῖς πόλεσιν ἄρχοντες ὅταν ὑπὸ τῶν πολιτῶν αἱρεθῶσιν, οὗτοι κατὰ νόμον ἄρχουσιν.
Now, when the rulers in the cities are chosen by the citizens, they rule according to law.
ἡ δὲ τοῦ κατὰ φύσιν ἀρχὴ οὐ μόνον ἐν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἄλλοις ζῴοις ἐστίν· ἐπὶ πολὺ γὰρ πανταχοῦ τὰ ἄρρενα τῶν ζῴων τῶν θηλειῶν ἄρχει.
And the rule according to nature exists not only in humans but also in other animals; for in most cases everywhere the males of the animals rule the females.
ἡ δὲ τοῦ κατὰ ἔθος ἀρχὴ τοιαύτη ἐστίν, οἷον οἱ παιδαγωγοὶ τῶν παίδων ἄρχουσι καὶ οἱ διδάσκαλοι τῶν φοιτητῶν.
And the rule according to custom is such as when pedagogues rule children and teachers rule those who attend school.
κατὰ γένος δὲ ἀρχὴ τοιαύτη τις λέγεται, ὅταν πατέρα βασιλέα τελευτήσαντα υἱὸς διαδέξηται καὶ πάλιν τοῦτον ὁ τούτου υἱὸς καὶ ἐφεξῆς δὲ ὡσαύτως.
And rule according to birth is said to be such as when a son succeeds a deceased king father, and again his son succeeds him, and so on in order.
ὅσοι δὲ βιασάμενοι ἄρχουσιν ἀκόντων τῶν πολιτῶν, ἡ τοιαύτη ἀρχὴ κατὰ βίαν λέγεται εἶναι.
But those who rule by force against the will of the citizens, such rule is said to be by force.
διαιρεῖται ἡ ἀρχὴ εἰς τρία· ἔστι γὰρ αὐτῆς ἓν μὲν κατὰ φύσιν, ἓν δὲ κατὰ βίαν, ἓν δὲ κατὰ τάξιν καὶ θέσιν.
Rule (Beginning) is divided into three: for of it, one is according to nature, one is according to force, and one is according to order and position.
κατὰ φύσιν μὲν οὖν ἄρχει τὸ ἄρρεν τοῦ θήλεος καὶ τὸ ἰσχυρότερον τοῦ ἀσθενεστέρου, οἷον ἐν μὲν βουσὶ ταῦρος, ἐν δὲ προβάτοις κριὸς καὶ πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτα·
According to nature, then, the male rules the female, and the stronger rules the weaker, as for example among cattle the bull, and among sheep the ram, and all such things.
〈κατὰ βίαν δέ〉, οἷον οἱ δεσπόται τῶν δούλων καὶ οἱ τύραννοι τῶν πόλεων καὶ πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτα·
And according to force, as for example masters over slaves, and tyrants over cities, and all such things.
κατὰ τάξιν δὲ καὶ θέσιν, οἷον τὸ πρῶτον ταχθέν· ἐντεῦθεν ἀρχή ἐστι τῆς μὲν τραγῳδίας
ὦ παλαιὸν Ἄργος
, τῶν δὲ στοιχείων τὸ ἄλφα καὶ ἀριθμοῦ τὸ ἕν.
And according to order and position, as for example the first thing arranged; hence, the beginning of a tragedy is "O ancient Argos," and of the letters alpha, and of number one.