§1249#3ἀφροσύνης δʼ ἐστὶ τὸ κρίνειν κακῶς τὰ πράγματα, τὸ βουλεύσασθαι κακῶς, τὸ ὁμιλῆσαι κακῶς, τὸ χρήσασθαι κακῶς τοῖς παροῦσιν ἀγαθοῖς, τὸ ψευδῶς δοξάζειν περὶ τῶν εἰς τὸν βίον καλῶν καὶ ἀγαθῶν.
It is characteristic of folly to judge matters badly, to deliberate badly, to associate badly, to make bad use of existing goods, and to hold false opinions about things that are noble and good for life.
παρακολουθεῖ δὲ τῇ ἀφροσύνῃ ἀπειρία, ἀμαθία, ἀκρασία, ἐπαριστερότης, ἀμνημοσύνη.
And folly is accompanied by inexperience, ignorance, incontinence, clumsiness, and forgetfulness.
ὀργιλότητος δʼ ἐστὶν εἴδη τρία, ἀκροχολία πικρία βαρυθυμία.
Of irascibility there are three species: quickness of temper, bitterness, and sullenness.
ἔστι δὲ τοῦ ὀργίλου μὴ δύνασθαι φέρειν μήτε τὰς μικρὰς ὀλιγωρήσεις μήτε ἐλαττώσεις, εἶναι δὲ κολαστικὸν καὶ τιμωρητικὸν καὶ εὐκίνητον πρὸς ὀργὴν καὶ ὑπὸ ἔργου καὶ ὑπὸ λόγου τοῦ τυχόντος.
And it belongs to the irascible person not to be able to bear even small slights or disadvantages, and to be punitive, retaliatory, and easily moved to anger by any chance deed or word.
ἀκολουθεῖ δὲ τῇ ὀργιλότητι τὸ παροξυντικὸν τοῦ ἤθους καὶ εὐμετάβολον, καὶ ἡ πικρολογία, καὶ τὸ ἐπὶ μικροῖς λυπεῖσθαι, καὶ τὸ ταῦτα πάσχειν ταχέως καὶ παρὰ βραχὺν καιρόν.
And irascibility is followed by excitability and mutability of character, harsh speech, being grieved at small things, and experiencing these quickly and for a short time.
δειλίας δʼ ἐστὶ τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν τυχόντων φόβων εὐκίνητον εἶναι, καὶ μάλιστα τῶν περὶ θάνατον καὶ τὰς σωματικὰς πηρώσεις, καὶ τὸ ὑπολαμβάνειν κρεῖττον εἶναι ὁπωσοῦν σωθῆναι ἢ τελευτῆσαι καλῶς.
It is characteristic of cowardice to be easily moved by common fears, and especially by those concerning death and bodily mutilations, and to suppose that it is better to be saved in any way whatsoever than to die nobly.
ἀκολουθεῖ δὲ τῇ δειλίᾳ μαλακία, ἀνανδρία, ἀπονία, φιλοψυχία.
And cowardice is followed by softness, unmanliness, laziness, and love of life.
ὕπεστι δέ τις εὐλάβεια καὶ τὸ ἀφιλόνεικον τοῦ ἤθους.
But there is also underlying it a certain caution and non-contentious character.
ἀκολασίας δʼ ἐστὶ τὸ αἱρεῖσθαι τὰς ἀπολαύσεις τῶν ἡδονῶν τῶν βλαβερῶν καὶ αἰσχρῶν, καὶ τὸ ὑπολαμβάνειν εὐδαιμονεῖν μάλιστα τοὺς ἐν ταῖς τοιαύταις ἡδοναῖς ὄντας, καὶ τὸ φιλογέλοιον εἶναι καὶ τὸ φιλοσκώπτην καὶ φιλευτράπελον, καὶ τὸ ῥᾳδιουργὸν εἶναι ἐν τοῖς λόγοις καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἔργοις.
It is characteristic of licentiousness to choose the enjoyments of harmful and shameful pleasures, to suppose that those who are in such pleasures are especially happy, to be fond of laughter, fond of mocking and witticism, and to be reckless in words and deeds.
ἀκολουθεῖ δὲ τῇ ἀκολασίᾳ ἀταξία, ἀναίδεια, ἀκοσμία, τρυφή, ῥᾳθυμία, ἀμέλεια, ὀλιγωρία, ἔκλυσις.
And licentiousness is followed by disorder, impudence, indecency, luxury, sluggishness, negligence, carelessness, and dissoluteness.
ἀκρασίας δʼ ἐστὶ τὸ κωλύοντος τοῦ λογισμοῦ τὰς ἀπολαύσεις τῶν ἡδονῶν αἱρεῖσθαι, καὶ τὸ ὑπολαμβάνοντα κρεῖττον εἶναι μὴ μετασχεῖν μὲν αὐτῶν, μετέχειν δὲ μηδὲν ἧττον, καὶ τὸ οἴεσθαι μὲν δεῖν πράττειν καὶ τὰ καλὰ καὶ τὰ συμφέροντα, ἀφίστασθαι δὲ αὐτῶν διὰ τὰς ἡδονάς.
It is characteristic of incontinence to choose the enjoyments of pleasures even when reason prevents, and to participate in them no less although supposing that it is better not to participate, and to think that one ought to do both noble and advantageous things, yet to shrink from them because of pleasures.
ἀκολουθεῖ δὲ τῇ ἀκρασίᾳ μαλακία καὶ μεταμέλεια καὶ τὰ πλεῖστα ταὐτὰ ἃ καὶ τῇ ἀκολασίᾳ.
And incontinence is followed by softness, regret, and most of the same things as licentiousness.
ἀδικίας δʼ ἐστὶν εἴδη τρία, ἀσέβεια πλεονεξία ὕβρις.
Of injustice there are three species: impiety, greed, and hubris.
ἀσέβεια μὲν ἡ περὶ θεοὺς πλημμέλεια καὶ περὶ δαίμονας ἢ καὶ περὶ τοὺς κατοιχομένους, καὶ περὶ γονεῖς καὶ περὶ πατρίδα·
Impiety is transgression against gods, against daemons, or also against the deceased, and against parents and homeland.
πλεονεξία δὲ περὶ τὰ συμβόλαια, παρὰ τὴν ἀξίαν αἱρουμένη τὸ διάφορον·
Greed is in contracts, choosing more than one's worth.
ὕβρις δέ, καθʼ ἣν τὰς ἡδονὰς αὑτοῖς παρασκευάζουσιν, εἰς ὄνειδος ἀγαγόντες ἑτέρους, ὅθεν Εὔηνος περὶ αὐτῆς λέγει
"
ἥτις κερδαίνουσʼ οὐδὲν ὅμως ἀδικεῖ. "
ἔστι δὲ τῆς ἀδικίας τὸ παραβαίνειν τὰ πάτρια ἔθη καὶ τὰ νόμιμα, καὶ τὸ ἀπειθεῖν τοῖς νόμοις καὶ τοῖς ἄρχουσι, τὸ ψεύδεσθαι, τὸ ἐπιορκεῖν, τὸ παραβαίνειν τὰς ὁμολογίας καὶ τὰς πίστεις.
Hubris is that by which they secure pleasures for themselves by bringing others into disgrace; whence Euenus says of it: "Which, though gaining nothing, nevertheless does wrong." And it belongs to injustice to transgress ancestral customs and usages, to disobey laws and rulers, to lie, to commit perjury, and to transgress agreements and pledges.
ἀκολουθεῖ δὲ τῇ ἀδικίᾳ συκοφαντία, ἀλαζονεία, φιλανθρωπία προσποίητος, κακοήθεια, πανουργία.
And injustice is followed by slander, boastfulness, pretended philanthropy, malice, and knaving.
ἀνελευθερίας δʼ ἐστὶν εἴδη τρία, αἰσχροκερδία φειδωλία κιμβεία.
Of illiberality there are three species: sordid greed, parsimony, and stinginess.
αἰσχροκερδία μέν, καθʼ ἣν κερδαίνειν ζητοῦσι πανταχόθεν, καὶ τὸ κέρδος τῆς αἰσχύνης περὶ πλείονος ποιοῦνται·
Sordid greed is that by which they seek to gain from everywhere, and value profit more than shame.
φειδωλία δʼ ἐστὶ καθʼ ἣν ἀδάπανοι γίνονται τῶν χρημάτων εἰς τὸ δέον·
Parsimony is that by which they become unspending of money on what is necessary.
κιμβεία δʼ ἐστὶ καθʼ ἣν δαπανῶσι μέν, κατὰ μικρὸν δὲ καὶ κακῶς, καὶ πλέον βλάπτονται τῷ μὴ κατὰ καιρὸν ποιεῖσθαι τὸ διάφορον.
Stinginess is that by which they do spend indeed, but in small amounts and badly, and are harmed more by not making the expenditure opportunely.
ἔστι δὲ τῆς ἀνελευθερίας τὸ περὶ πλείστου ποιεῖσθαι χρήματα, καὶ τὸ μηδὲν ὄνειδος ἡγεῖσθαι τῶν ποιούντων τὸ κέρδος, βίος θητικὸς καὶ δουλοπρεπὴς καὶ ῥυπαρός, φιλοτιμίας καὶ ἐλευθερίας ἀλλότριος.
And it belongs to illiberality to value money above all, and to think no reproach of things that produce profit, a life of a hireling, slavish, and squalid, alien to love of honor and freedom.
ἀκολουθεῖ δὲ τῇ ἀνελευθεριότητι μικρολογία, βαρυθυμία καὶ μικροψυχία, ταπεινότης, ἀμετρία, ἀγένεια, μισανθρωπία.
And illiberality is followed by pettiness, sullenness, smallness of soul, lowliness, lack of measure, ignobility, and misanthropy.
μικροψυχίας δʼ ἐστὶ τὸ μήτε τιμὴν μήτε ἀτιμίαν μήτε εὐτυχίαν μήτε ἀτυχίαν δύνασθαι φέρειν, ἀλλὰ τιμώμενον μὲν χαυνοῦσθαι, μικρὰ δὲ εὐτυχήσαντα ὑπεξαίρεσθαι, ἀτιμίαν δὲ μηδὲ τὴν ἐλαχίστην ἐνεγκεῖν δύνασθαι, ἀπότευγμα δʼ ἄτην καὶ ἀτυχίαν κρίνειν μεγάλην, ὀδύρεσθαι δʼ ἐπὶ πᾶσι καὶ δυσφορεῖν.
It is characteristic of smallness of soul to be able to bear neither honor nor dishonor, nor good fortune nor misfortune, but to be puffed up when honored, to be exalted by small successes, to be unable to bear even the least dishonor, to judge failure as ruin and a great misfortune, and to lament and be distressed over everything.
ἔτι δὲ τοιοῦτός ἐστιν ὁ μικρόψυχος οἷος πάντα τὰ ὀλιγωρήματα καλεῖν ὕβριν καὶ ἀτιμίαν, καὶ τὰ διʼ ἄγνοιαν ἢ λήθην γιγνόμενα.
Furthermore, the small-souled person is such as to call all slights hubris and dishonor, even those happening through ignorance or forgetfulness.
ἀκολουθεῖ δὲ τῇ μικροψυχίᾳ μικρολογία, μεμψιμοιρία, δυσελπιστία, ταπεινότης.
And smallness of soul is followed by pettiness, fretfulness, despondency, and lowliness.
καθόλου δὲ τῆς μὲν ἀρετῆς ἐστὶ τὸ ποιεῖν σπουδαίαν τὴν διάθεσιν περὶ τὴν ψυχήν, ἠρεμαίαις καὶ τεταγμέναις κινήσεσι χρωμένην, συμφωνοῦσαν κατὰ πάντα τὰ μέρη· διὸ καὶ δοκεῖ παράδειγμα πολιτείας ἀγαθῆς εἶναι ψυχῆς σπουδαία διάθεσις.
In general, it belongs to virtue to make the disposition concerning the soul excellent, employing calm and ordered movements, agreeing in all its parts; wherefore an excellent disposition of the soul also seems to be a model of a good polity.
ἔστι δὲ ἀρετῆς καὶ τὸ εὐεργετεῖν τοὺς ἀξίους, καὶ τὸ φιλεῖν τοὺς ἀγαθούς, καὶ τὸ μήτε κολαστικὸν εἶναι μήτε τιμωρητικόν, ἀλλὰ ἵλεων καὶ εὐμενικὸν καὶ συγγνωμονικόν.
And it belongs to virtue also to benefit those who are worthy, to love the good, and to be neither punitive nor retaliatory, but propitious, benevolent, and forgiving.
ἀκολουθεῖ δὲ τῇ ἀρετῇ χρηστότης, ἐπιείκεια, εὐγνωμοσύνη, ἐλπὶς ἀγαθή.
And virtue is followed by goodness, equity, fair-mindedness, and good hope.
ἔτι δὲ καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα οἷον φίλοικον εἶναι καὶ φιλόφιλον, φιλέταιρον, φιλόξενον, φιλάνθρωπον καὶ φιλόκαλον· ἃ δὴ πάντα τῶν ἐπαινουμένων ἐστίν.
Furthermore, also such things as being a lover of home, a lover of friends, a lover of companions, hospitable, philanthropic, and a lover of beauty; all of which indeed are among things praised.
τῆς δὲ κακίας ἐστὶ τὰ ἐναντία.
And the opposite things belong to vice.