§6.6#2Ὁρᾶν δὲ καὶ εἰ μὴ ποιόν τι ἀλλὰ τόδε σημαίνει ἡ ἀποδοθεῖσα διαφορά· δοκεῖ γὰρ ποιόν τι πᾶσα διαφορὰ δηλοῦν.
One must also see if the rendered difference signifies not a quality but a 'this'; for every difference seems to indicate a quality.
Σκοπεῖν δὲ καὶ εἰ κατὰ συμβεβηκὸς ὑπάρχει τῷ ὁριζομένῳ ἡ διαφορά.
And one must also examine if the difference belongs accidentally to the thing defined.
Οὐδεμία γὰρ διαφορὰ τῶν κατὰ συμβεβηκὸς ὑπαρχόντων ἐστί, καθάπερ οὐδὲ τὸ γένος· οὐ γὰρ ἐνδέχεται τὴν διαφορὰν ὑπάρχειν τινὶ καὶ μὴ ὑπάρχειν.
For no difference is among the things that belong accidentally, just as the genus is not; for it is not possible for the difference to belong and not to belong to something.
Ἔτι εἰ κατηγορεῖται τοῦ γένους ἡ διαφορὰ ἢ τὸ εἶδος ἢ τῶν κάτωθέν τι τοῦ εἴδους, οὐκ ἂν εἴη ὡρισμένος· οὐδὲν γὰρ τῶν εἰρημένων ἐνδέχεται τοῦ γένους κατηγορεῖσθαι, ἐπειδὴ τὸ γένος ἐπὶ πλεῖστον πάντων λέγεται.
Moreover, if the difference, or the species, or any of the things below the species, is predicated of the genus, he would not have defined it; for it is not possible for any of the mentioned things to be predicated of the genus, since the genus is spoken of over the widest range of all.
Πάλιν εἰ κατηγορεῖται τὸ γένος τῆς διαφορᾶς· οὐ γὰρ κατὰ τῆς διαφορᾶς, ἀλλὰ καθ᾿ ὧν ἡ διαφορά, τὸ γένος δοκεῖ κατηγορεῖσθαι, οἷον τὸ ζῷον κατὰ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου καὶ τοῦ βοὸς καὶ τῶν ἄλλων πεζῶν ζῴων, οὐκ αὐτῆς τῆς διαφορᾶς τῆς κατὰ τοῦ εἴδους λεγομένης.
Again, if the genus is predicated of the difference; for the genus seems to be predicated not of the difference, but of those things of which the difference is predicated, for example, 'animal' is predicated of 'man' and 'ox' and other terrestrial animals, not of the difference itself which is spoken of the species.
Εἰ γὰρ καθ᾿ ἑκάστης τῶν διαφορῶν τὸ ζῷον κατηγορηθήσεται, πολλὰ ζῷα τοῦ εἴδους ἂν κατηγοροῖτο· αἱ γὰρ διαφοραὶ τοῦ εἴδους κατηγοροῦνται.
For if 'animal' is to be predicated of each of the differences, many 'animals' would be predicated of the species; for the differences are predicated of the species.
Ἔτι διαφοραὶ πᾶσι ἢ εἴδη ἢ ἄτομα ἔσται, εἴπερ ζῷα· ἕκαστον γὰρ τῶν ζῴων ἢ εἶδός ἐστιν ἢ ἄτομον.
Moreover, all differences will be either species or individuals, if indeed they are animals; for each of animals is either a species or an individual.
Ὁμοίως δὲ σκεπτέον καὶ εἰ τὸ εἶδος ἢ τῶν ὑποκάτω τι τοῦ εἴδους τῆς διαφορᾶς κατηγορεῖται· ἀδύνατον γάρ, ἐπειδὴ ἐπὶ πλέον ἡ διαφορὰ τῶν εἰδῶν λέγεται.
Likewise one must also examine if the species or any of the things below the species is predicated of the difference; for this is impossible, since the difference is spoken of over a wider range than the species.
Ἔτι συμβήσεται τὴν διαφορὰν εἶδος εἶναι, εἴπερ κατηγορεῖταί τι αὐτῆς τῶν εἰδῶν· εἰ γὰρ κατηγορεῖται ἄνθρωπος, δῆλον ὅτι ἡ διαφορὰ ἄνθρωπός ἐστιν.
Moreover, it will follow that the difference is a species, if indeed any of the species is predicated of it; for if 'man' is predicated, it is clear that the difference is a man.
Πάλιν εἰ μὴ πρότερον ἡ διαφορὰ τοῦ εἴδους· τοῦ μὲν γὰρ γένους ὕστερον, τοῦ δ᾿ εἴδους πρότερον τὴν διαφορὰν δεῖ εἶναι.
Again, if the difference is not prior to the species; for the difference must be posterior to the genus, but prior to the species.
Σκοπεῖν δὲ καὶ εἰ ἑτέρου γένους ἡ ῥηθεῖσα διαφορὰ μὴ περιεχομένου μηδὲ περιέχοντος.
One must also examine if the stated difference belongs to another genus that neither contains nor is contained by it.
Οὐ δοκεῖ γὰρ ἡ αὐτὴ διαφορὰ δύο γενῶν εἶναι μὴ περιεχόντων ἄλληλα.
For the same difference does not seem to belong to two genera that do not contain one another.
Εἰ δὲ μή, συμβήσεται καὶ εἶδος τὸ αὐτὸ ἐν δύο γένεσιν εἶναι μὴ περιέχουσιν ἄλληλα· ἐπιφέρει γὰρ ἑκάστη τῶν διαφορῶν τὸ οἰκεῖον γένος, καθάπερ τὸ πεζὸν καὶ τὸ δίπουν τὸ ζῷον συνεπιφέρει.
Otherwise, it will follow that the same species is in two genera that do not contain one another; for each of the differences brings along its proper genus with it, just as 'terrestrial' and 'biped' bring 'animal' along with them.
Ὥστε εἰ καθ᾿ οὗ ἡ διαφορά, καὶ τῶν γενῶν ἑκάτερον.
So that if the difference belongs to that of which it is, each of the genera does too.
Δῆλον οὖν ὅτι τὸ εἶδος ἐν δύο γένεσιν οὐ περιέχουσιν ἄλληλα.
It is clear, then, that the species is in two genera that do not contain one another.
Ἢ οὐκ ἀδύνατον τὴν αὐτὴν διαφορὰν δύο γενῶν εἶναι μὴ περιεχόντων ἄλληλα, ἀλλὰ προσθετέον μηδ᾿ ἄμφω ὑπὸ ταὐτὸν ὄντων.
Or is it not impossible for the same difference to belong to two genera that do not contain one another, but we must add 'provided that both are not under the same genus'?
Τὸ γὰρ πεζὸν ζῷον καὶ τὸ πτηνὸν ζῷον γένη ἐστὶν οὐ περιέχοντα ἄλληλα, καὶ ἀμφοτέρων αὐτῶν ἐστὶ τὸ δίπουν διαφορά.
For 'terrestrial animal' and 'winged animal' are genera that do not contain one another, and 'biped' is a difference of both of them.
Ὥστε προσθετέον ὅτι μηδ᾿ ὑπὸ ταὐτὸ ὄντων ἄμφω· ταῦτα γὰρ ἄμφω ὑπὸ τὸ ζῷόν ἐστιν.
So we must add 'provided that both are not under the same'; for both of these are under 'animal'.
Δῆλον δὲ καὶ ὅτι οὐκ ἀνάγκη τὴν διαφορὰν πᾶν τὸ οἰκεῖον ἐπιφέρειν γένος, ἐπειδὴ ἐνδέχεται τὴν αὐτὴν δύο γενῶν εἶναι μὴ περιεχόντων ἄλληλα· ἀλλὰ τὸ ἕτερον μόνον ἀνάγκη συνεπιφέρειν καὶ τὰ ἐπάνω τούτου, καθάπερ τὸ δίπουν τὸ πτηνὸν ἢ τὸ πεζὸν συνεπιφέρει ζῷον.
And it is also clear that it is not necessary for the difference to bring along all its proper genus, since it is possible for the same difference to belong to two genera that do not contain one another; but it is necessary to bring along only one of them and those above it, just as 'biped' brings along either 'winged' or 'terrestrial' animal.
Ὁρᾶν δὲ καὶ εἰ τὸ ἔν τινι διαφορὰν ἀποδέδωκεν οὐσίας· οὐ δοκεῖ γὰρ διαφέρειν οὐσία οὐσίας τῷ ποῦ εἶναι.
One must also see if he has rendered 'being in something' as a difference of a substance; for a substance does not seem to differ from a substance in respect of 'where' it is.
Διὸ καὶ τοῖς τῷ πεζῷ καὶ τῷ ἐνύδρῳ διαιροῦσι τὸ ζῷον ἐπιτιμῶσιν ὡς τὸ πεζὸν καὶ τὸ ἔνυδρον ποῦ σημαῖνον.
Therefore also those who divide 'animal' into 'terrestrial' and 'aquatic' are blamed on the ground that 'terrestrial' and 'aquatic' signify 'where'.
Ἢ ἐπὶ μὲν τούτων οὐκ ὀρθῶς ἐπιτιμῶσιν· οὐ γὰρ ἔν τινι οὐδὲ ποῦ σημαίνει τὸ ἔνυδρον, ἀλλὰ ποιόν τι· καὶ γὰρ ἂν ᾖ ἐν τῷ ξηρῷ, ὁμοίως ἔνυδρον· ὁμοίως δὲ τὸ χερσαῖον, κἂν ἐν ὑγρῷ, χερσαῖον ἀλλ᾿ οὐκ ἔνυδρον ἔσται.
Or in these cases they do not blame them rightly; for 'aquatic' does not signify 'being in something' or 'where', but a quality; for even if it is on dry land, it is likewise aquatic; and likewise the land-animal, even if it is in a liquid, will be a land-animal and not aquatic.
Ἀλλ᾿ ὅμως ἐάν ποτε σημαίνῃ τὸ ἔν τινι ἡ διαφορά, δῆλον ὅτι διημαρτηκὼς ἔσται.
But nevertheless, if ever the difference signifies 'being in something', it is clear that he will have erred.
Πάλιν εἰ τὸ πάθος διαφορὰν ἀποδέδωκεν.
Again, if he has rendered an affection as a difference.
Πᾶν γὰρ πάθος μᾶλλον γινόμενον ἐξίστησι τῆς οὐσίας, ἡ δὲ διαφορὰ οὐ τοιοῦτον· μᾶλλον γὰρ σώζειν δοκεῖ ἡ διαφορὰ οὗ ἐστὶ διαφορά, καὶ ἁπλῶς ἀδύνατον εἶναι ἄνευ τῆς οἰκείας διαφορᾶς ἕκαστον· πεζοῦ γὰρ μὴ ὄντος οὐκ ἔσται ἄνθρωπος.
For every affection, when it becomes more intense, makes something depart from its substance, but the difference is not of such a kind; for the difference seems rather to preserve that of which it is a difference, and it is simply impossible for each thing to exist without its proper difference; for if 'terrestrial' does not exist, there will be no man.
Ἁπλῶς δ᾿ εἰπεῖν, καθ᾿ ὅσα ἀλλοιοῦται τὸ ἔχον, οὐδὲν τούτων διαφορὰ ἐκείνου· Ἅπαντα γὰρ τὰ τοιαῦτα μᾶλλον γινόμενα ἐξίστησι τῆς οὐσίας.
To speak simply, of all those things in respect of which that which has them is altered, none of these is a difference of it; for all such things, when they become more intense, make it depart from its substance.
Ὥστ᾿ εἴ τινα τοιαύτην διαφορὰν ἀπέδωκεν, ἡμάρτηκεν· ἁπλῶς γὰρ οὐκ ἀλλοιούμεθα κατὰ τὰς διαφοράς.
So that if he has rendered any such difference, he has erred; for we are simply not altered in respect of our differences.