§5.6#1Ἔπειτ᾿ ἐκ τῶν ἀντικειμένων σκεπτέον ἐστὶ πρῶτον μὲν ἐκ τῶν ἐναντίων ἀνασκευάζοντα μὲν εἰ τοῦ ἐναντίου μή ἐστι τὸ ἐναντίον ἴδιον· οὐδὲ γὰρ τοῦ ἐναντίου ἔσται τὸ ἐναντίον ἴδιον.
Next, one must consider from opposite things, first from contraries. For refuting, if the contrary of the contrary is not its property; for then neither will the contrary of the contrary be its property.
Οἷον ἐπεὶ ἐναντίον ἐστὶ δικαιοσύνῃ μὲν ἀδικία, τῷ βελτίστῳ δὲ τὸ χείριστον, οὐκ ἔστι δὲ τῆς δικαιοσύνης ἴδιον τὸ βέλτιστον, οὐκ ἂν εἴη τῆς ἀδικίας ἴδιον τὸ χείριστον.
For instance, since injustice is contrary to justice, and the worst to the best, but the best is not the property of justice, the worst would not be the property of injustice.
Κατασκευάζοντα δὲ εἰ τοῦ ἐναντίου τὸ ἐναντίον ἴδιόν ἐστιν· καὶ γὰρ τοῦ ἐναντίου τὸ ἐναντίον ἴδιον ἔσται.
And for establishing, if the contrary of the contrary is its property; for then the contrary of the contrary will also be its property.
Οἷον ἐπεὶ ἐναντίον ἐστὶν ἀγαθῷ μὲν κακόν, αἱρετῷ δὲ φευκτόν, ἔστι δὲ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ ἴδιον τὸ αἱρετόν, εἴη ἂν κακοῦ ἴδιον τὸ φευκτόν.
For instance, since evil is contrary to good, and the object of avoidance to the object of choice, but the object of choice is the property of good, the object of avoidance would be the property of evil.
Δεύτερον δ᾿ ἐκ τῶν πρός τι ἀνασκευάζοντα μὲν εἰ τὸ πρός τι τοῦ πρός τι μή ἐστιν ἴδιον· οὐδὲ γὰρ τὸ πρός τι τοῦ πρός τι ἔσται ἴδιον.
Secondly, from relative things. For refuting, if the relative of the relative is not its property; for then neither will the relative of the relative be its property.
Οἷον ἐπεὶ λέγεται διπλάσιον μὲν πρὸς ἥμισυ, ὑπερέχον δὲ πρὸς ὑπερεχόμενον, οὐκ ἔστι δὲ τοῦ διπλασίου τὸ ὑπερέχον ἴδιον, οὐκ ἂν εἴη τοῦ ἡμίσεος τὸ ὑπερεχόμενον ἴδιον.
For instance, since double is spoken of in relation to half, and what exceeds in relation to what is exceeded, but what exceeds is not the property of double, what is exceeded would not be the property of half.
Κατασκευάζοντα δὲ εἰ τοῦ πρός τι τὸ πρὸς τί ἐστιν ἴδιον· καὶ γὰρ τοῦ πρός τι τὸ πρός τι ἔσται ἴδιον.
And for establishing, if the relative of the relative is its property; for then the relative of the relative will also be its property.
Οἷον ἐπεὶ λέγεται τὸ μὲν διπλάσιον πρὸς τὸ ἥμισυ, τὰ δὲ δύο πρὸς ἕν, ἔστι δὲ τοῦ διπλασίου ἴδιον τὸ ὡς δύο πρὸς ἕν, εἴη ἂν τοῦ ἡμίσεος ἴδιον τὸ ὡς ἓν πρὸς δύο.
For instance, since double is spoken of in relation to half, and two in relation to one, but the property of double is as two to one, the property of half would be as one to two.
Τρίτον ἀνασκευάζοντα μὲν εἰ τῆς ἕξεως τὸ καθ᾿ ἕξιν λεγόμενον μή ἐστιν ἴδιον· οὐδὲ γὰρ τῆς στερήσεως τὸ κατὰ στέρησιν λεγόμενον ἔσται ἴδιον.
Thirdly, for refuting, if what is spoken of in accordance with a state is not the property of the state; for then neither will what is spoken of in accordance with a privation be the property of the privation.
Κἂν εἰ δὲ τῆς στερήσεως τὸ κατὰ στέρησιν λεγόμενον μή ἐστιν ἴδιον, οὐδὲ τῆς ἕξεως τὸ κατὰ τὴν ἕξιν λεγόμενον ἴδιον ἔσται.
And if what is spoken of in accordance with a privation is not the property of the privation, neither will what is spoken of in accordance with the state be the property of the state.
Οἷον ἐπεὶ οὐ λέγεται τῆς κωφότητος ἴδιον τὸ ἀναισθησίαν εἶναι, οὐδ᾿ ἂν τῆς ἀκούσεως εἴη ἴδιον τὸ αἴσθησιν εἶναι.
For instance, since "to be without sensation" is not said to be the property of deafness, neither would "to be a sensation" be the property of hearing.
Κατασκευάζοντα δὲ εἰ τὸ καθ᾿ ἕξιν λεγόμενόν ἐστι τῆς ἕξεως ἴδιον· καὶ γὰρ τῆς στερήσεως τὸ κατὰ στέρησιν λεγόμενον ἔσται ἴδιον.
And for establishing, if what is spoken of in accordance with a state is the property of the state; for then what is spoken of in accordance with a privation will also be the property of the privation.
Κἂν εἰ τῆς στερήσεως τὸ κατὰ στέρησιν λεγόμενον ἔστιν ἴδιον, καὶ τῆς ἕξεως τὸ καθ᾿ ἕξιν λεγόμενον ἔσται ἴδιον.
And if what is spoken of in accordance with a privation is the property of the privation, what is spoken of in accordance with the state will also be the property of the state.
Οἷον ἐπεὶ τῆς ὄψεώς ἐστιν ἴδιον τὸ βλέπειν, καθὸ ἔχομεν ὄψιν, εἴη ἂν τῆς τυφλότητος ἴδιον τὸ μὴ βλέπειν, καθὸ οὐκ ἔχομεν ὄψιν πεφυκότες ἔχειν.
For instance, since "to see" is the property of sight, insofar as we have sight, "not to see" would be the property of blindness, insofar as we do not have sight though being naturally fitted to have it.
Ἔπειτα ἐκ τῶν φάσεων καὶ τῶν ἀποφάσεων, πρῶτον μὲν ἐξ αὐτῶν τῶν κατηγορουμένων.
Next, from affirmations and negations, first from the predicates themselves.
Ἔστι δ᾿ ὁ τόπος οὗτος χρήσιμος ἀνασκευάζοντι μόνον.
This topic is useful only for refuting.
Οἷον εἰ ἡ φάσις ἢ τὸ κατὰ τὴν φάσιν λεγόμενον αὐτοῦ ἴδιόν ἐστιν· οὐ γὰρ ἔσται αὐτοῦ ἡ ἀπόφασις οὐδὲ τὸ κατὰ τὴν ἀπόφασιν λεγόμενον ἴδιον.
For instance, if the affirmation or what is spoken of in accordance with the affirmation is its property; for then neither its negation nor what is spoken of in accordance with the negation will be its property.
Κἂν εἰ δ᾿ ἡ ἀπόφασις ἢ τὸ κατὰ τὴν ἀπόφασιν λεγόμενόν ἐστιν αὐτοῦ ἴδιον, οὐκ ἔσται ἡ φάσις οὐδὲ τὸ κατὰ τὴν φάσιν λεγόμενον ἴδιον·
And if the negation or what is spoken of in accordance with the negation is its property, neither the affirmation nor what is spoken of in accordance with the affirmation will be its property.
οἷον ἐπεὶ τοῦ ζῴου ἐστὶν ἴδιον τὸ ἔμψυχον, οὐκ ἂν εἴη τοῦ ζῴου ἴδιον τὸ οὐκ ἔμψυχον.
For instance, since "animate" is the property of animal, "inanimate" would not be the property of animal.