§1.15#3Σκοπεῖν δὲ καὶ τὰ γένη τῶν ὑπὸ τὸ αὐτὸ ὄνομα, εἰ ἕτερα καὶ μὴ ὑπ᾿ ἄλληλα, οἷον ὄνος τό τε ζῷον καὶ τὸ σκεῦος.
One must also examine the genera of the things falling under the same name, whether they are different and not subordinate to one another, for example, "onos" is both the animal and the utensil.
Ἕτερος γὰρ ὁ κατὰ τοὔνομα λόγος αὐτῶν· τὸ μὲν γὰρ ζῷον ποιόν τι ῥηθήσεται, τὸ δὲ σκεῦος ποιόν τι.
For the definition corresponding to the name is different in each case; for the animal will be said to be a certain kind of animal, and the utensil a certain kind of utensil.
Ἐὰν δὲ ὑπ᾿ ἄλληλα τὰ γένη ᾖ, οὐκ ἀναγκαῖον ἑτέρους τοὺς λόγους εἶναι.
But if the genera are subordinate to one another, it is not necessary that the definitions are different.
Οἷον τοῦ κόρακος τὸ ζῷον καὶ τὸ ὄρνεον γένος ἐστίν.
For example, of "crow," both "animal" and "bird" are genera.
Ὅταν οὖν λέγωμεν τὸν κόρακα ὄρνεον εἶναι, καὶ ζῷον ποιόν τί φαμεν αὐτὸν εἶναι, ὥστ᾿ ἀμφότερα τὰ γένη περὶ αὐτοῦ κατηγορεῖται.
Therefore, whenever we say that the crow is a bird, we also say that it is a certain kind of animal, so that both genera are predicated of it.
Ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ ὅταν ζῷον πτηνὸν δίπουν τὸν κόρακα λέγωμεν, ὄρνεόν φαμεν αὐτὸν εἶναι· καὶ οὕτως οὖν ἀμφότερα τὰ γένη κατηγορεῖται κατὰ τοῦ κόρακος, καὶ ὁ λόγος αὐτῶν.
Similarly also, when we say that the crow is a winged, two-footed animal, we say that it is a bird; and thus in this way both genera are predicated of the crow, as well as their definitions.
Ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν μὴ ὑπ᾿ ἄλληλα γενῶν οὐ συμβαίνει τοῦτο· οὔτε γὰρ ὅταν σκεῦος λέγωμεν, ζῷον λέγομεν, οὔθ᾿ ὅταν ζῷον, σκεῦος. Σκοπεῖν δὲ μὴ μόνον εἰ τοῦ προκειμένου ἕτερα τὰ γένη καὶ μὴ ὑπ᾿ ἄλληλα, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἐναντίου· εἰ γὰρ τὸ ἐναντίον πολλαχῶς λέγεται, δῆλον ὅτι καὶ τὸ προκείμενον.
But in the case of genera that are not subordinate to one another, this does not happen; for neither when we say "utensil" do we say "animal," nor when we say "animal" do we say "utensil." One must examine not only whether the genera of the subject in question are different and not subordinate to one another, but also in the case of its contrary; for if the contrary is said in many ways, it is clear that the subject in question is too.
Χρήσιμον δὲ καὶ τὸ ἐπὶ τὸν ὁρισμὸν ἐπιβλέπειν τὸν ἐκ τοῦ συντιθεμένου γινόμενον, οἷον λευκοῦ σώματος καὶ λευκῆς φωνῆς· ἀφαιρουμένου γὰρ τοῦ ἰδίου τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον δεῖ λείπεσθαι.
It is also useful to look at the definition that arises from the combination, for example, of "white body" and "white voice"; for when the proper term is removed, the same definition must remain.
Τοῦτο δ᾿ οὐ συμβαίνει ἐπὶ τῶν ὁμωνύμων, οἷον ἐπὶ τῶν νῦν εἰρημένων.
But this does not happen in the case of homonyms, as in the cases just mentioned.
Τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἔσται σῶμα τοιόνδε χρῶμα ἔχον, τὸ δὲ φωνὴ εὐήκοος· ἀφαιρεθέντος οὖν τοῦ σώματος καὶ τῆς φωνῆς οὐ ταὐτὸν ἐν ἑκατέρῳ τὸ λειπόμενον.
For the one will be a body having such-and-such a color, and the other a voice that is easy to hear; so when "body" and "voice" are removed, what is left in each case is not the same.
Ἔδει δέ γε, εἴπερ συνώνυμον ἦν τὸ λευκὸν τὸ ἐφ᾿ ἑκατέρου λεγόμενον.
Yet it ought to have been, if indeed the "white" said of each was synonymous.
Πολλάκις δὲ καὶ ἐν αὐτοῖς τοῖς λόγοις λανθάνει παρακολουθοῦν τὸ ὁμώνυμον· διὸ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν λόγων σκεπτέον.
Often, even in the definitions themselves, a homonym escapes notice by slipping in; therefore one must also examine the definitions.
Οἷον ἄν τις τὸ σημαντικὸν καὶ ποιητικὸν ὑγιείας τὸ συμμέτρως ἔχον πρὸς ὑγίειαν φῇ εἶναι, οὐκ ἀποστατέον ἀλλ᾿ ἐπισκεπτέον τί τὸ συμμέτρως καθ᾿ ἑκάτερον εἴρηκεν, οἷον εἰ τὸ μὲν τὸ τοιοῦτον εἶναι ὥστε ποιεῖν ὑγίειαν, τὸ δὲ τὸ τοιοῦτον οἷον σημαίνειν ποία τις ἡ ἕξις.
For example, if someone should say that what is indicative of health and what is productive of health is "that which is commensurately related to health," one must not stand aloof but must examine what he has meant by "commensurately" in each case, for example, whether in one case it means being such as to produce health, and in the other such as to indicate what sort of state it is.
Ἔτι εἰ μὴ συμβλητὰ κατὰ τὸ μᾶλλον ἢ ὁμοίως, οἷον λευκὴ φωνὴ καὶ λευκὸν ἱμάτιον καὶ ὀξὺς χυμὸς καὶ ὀξεῖα φωνή· ταῦτα γὰρ οὔθ᾿ ὁμοίως λέγεται λευκὰ ἢ ὀξέα, οὔτε μᾶλλον θάτερον.
Further, one must examine if they are not comparable in terms of "more" or "equally," for example, a white voice and a white garment, or a sharp taste and a sharp voice; for these are not said to be white or sharp either equally, or one more than the other.
Ὥσθ᾿ ὁμώνυμον τὸ λευκὸν καὶ τὸ ὀξύ.
Thus "white" and "sharp" are homonymous.
τὸ γὰρ συνώνυμον πᾶν συμβλητόν· ἢ γὰρ ὁμοίως ῥηθήσεται, ἢ μᾶλλον θάτερον.
For everything that is synonymous is comparable; for it will be said either equally, or one more than the other.
Ἐπεὶ δὲ τῶν ἑτέρων γενῶν καὶ μὴ ὑπ᾿ ἄλληλα ἕτεραι τῷ εἴδει καὶ αἱ διαφοραί, οἷον ζῴου καὶ ἐπιστήμης (ἕτεραι γὰρ τούτων αἱ διαφοραί), σκοπεῖν εἰ τὰ ὑπὸ τὸ αὐτὸ ὄνομα ἑτέρων γενῶν καὶ μὴ ὑπ᾿ ἄλληλα διαφοραί εἰσιν, οἷον τὸ ὀξὺ φωνῆς καὶ ὄγκου· διαφέρει γὰρ φωνὴ φωνῆς τῷ ὀξεῖα εἶναι, ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ ὄγκος ὄγκου.
And since the differences of different genera that are not subordinate to one another are themselves different in species, for example, those of "animal" and of "knowledge," one must examine if the things falling under the same name are differences of different genera that are not subordinate to one another, for example, "sharp" in the case of voice and of mass; for a voice differs from a voice in being sharp, and similarly also a mass from a mass.
Ὥστε ὁμώνυμον τὸ ὀξύ· ἑτέρων γὰρ γενῶν καὶ οὐχ ὑπ᾿ ἄλληλα διαφοραί εἰσιν.
Thus "sharp" is homonymous; for they are differences of different genera that are not subordinate to one another.
Πάλιν εἰ αὐτῶν τῶν ὑπὸ τὸ αὐτὸ ὄνομα ἕτεραι αἱ διαφοραί, οἷον χρώματος τοῦ τε ἐπὶ τῶν σωμάτων καὶ τοῦ ἐν τοῖς μέλεσιν· τοῦ μὲν γὰρ ἐπὶ τῶν σωμάτων διακριτικὸν καὶ συγκριτικὸν ὄψεως, τοῦ δ᾿ ἐπὶ τῶν μελῶν οὐχ αἱ αὐταὶ διαφοραί.
Again, one must examine if the differences of the very things falling under the same name are different, for example, of "color" both in bodies and in melodies; for of that in bodies, the differences are "what disperses and compresses sight," but of that in melodies, they are not the same differences.
Ὥστε ὁμώνυμον τὸ χρῶμα· τῶν γὰρ αὐτῶν αἱ αὐταὶ διαφοραί.
Thus "color" is homonymous; for the same things have the same differences.
Ἔτι ἐπεὶ τὸ εἶδος οὐδενός ἐστι διαφορά σκοπεῖν τῶν ὑπὸ τὸ αὐτὸ ὄνομα εἰ τὸ μὲν εἶδός ἐστι τὸ δὲ διαφορά, οἷον τὸ λευκὸν τὸ μὲν ἐπὶ τοῦ σώματος εἶδος χρώματος, τὸ δ᾿ ἐπὶ τῆς φωνῆς διαφορά· διαφέρει γὰρ φωνὴ φωνῆς τῷ λευκὴ εἶναι.
Further, since a species is the difference of nothing, one must examine, among the things falling under the same name, whether one is a species and the other a difference, for example, "white" in the case of a body is a species of color, but in the case of a voice it is a difference; for a voice differs from a voice in being white.