§3#2Διὰ τοῦτο γὰρ καὶ βρωτικοὶ σκληροὶ ὄντες· ὥσπερ γὰρ οὐδὲν ἀπολελαυκότα διάκειται τὰ σώματα αὐτοῖς.
Indeed, for this reason they are also voracious eaters, despite being hard in body; for their bodies are disposed as if they have derived no benefit from anything.
Ἡ δὲ μέλαινα χολὴ φύσει ψυχρὰ οὖσα καὶ τὸν θρεπτικὸν τόπον ψυχρὸν ποιεῖ καὶ τἆλλα μόρια, ὅπου ἂν ὑπάρχῃ δυνάμει τὸ τοιοῦτον περίττωμα.
And black bile, being cold by nature, makes both the nutritive region and the other parts cold, wherever such a residue may potentially exist.
Ὥστε φανερὸν ἐκ τῶν εἰρημένων ὅτι ὁ ὕπνος ἐστὶ σύνοδός τις τοῦ θερμοῦ εἴσω καὶ ἀντιπερίστασις φυσικὴ διὰ τὴν εἰρημένην αἰτίαν.
Thus it is clear from what has been said that sleep is a certain concentration of heat inwards and a natural antiperistasis due to the aforementioned cause.
Διὸ πολλὴ ἡ κίνησις τοῦ ὑπνοῦντος.
Wherefore the movement of the sleeping person is great.
Ὅθεν δ’ ἐκλείπει, καταψύχεται, καὶ διὰ ψύξιν καταπίπτει τὰ βλέφαρα.
And from wherever it departs, that part is cooled, and because of the cooling the eyelids droop.
Καὶ τὰ μὲν ἄνω κατέψυκται καὶ τὰ ἔξω, τὰ δ’ ἐντὸς καὶ τὰ κάτω θερμά, οἷον τὰ περὶ τοὺς πόδας καὶ τὰ εἴσω.
And the upper and outer parts are cooled, but the inner and lower parts are hot, such as the regions around the feet and the interior parts.
Καίτοι τις ἀπορήσειεν ἄν, ὅτι μετὰ τὰ σιτία ἰσχυρότατος ὁ ὕπνος γίνεται, καὶ ἔστιν ὑπνωτικὰ οἶνος καὶ ἄλλα θερμότητας ἔχοντα τοιαύτας.
Yet someone might raise a difficulty, that sleep becomes strongest after food, and that wine and other things possessing such heat are soporific.
Ἔστι δ’ οὐκ εὔλογον τὸν μὲν ὕπνον εἶναι κατάψυξιν, τὰ δ’ αἴτια τοῦ καθεύδειν θερμά.
And it is not reasonable for sleep to be a cooling, while the causes of sleeping are hot.
Πότερον οὖν τοῦτο συμβαίνει ὅτι ὥσπερ ἡ κοιλία κενὴ μὲν οὖσα θερμή ἐστιν, ἡ δὲ πλήρωσις αὐτὴν καταψύχει διὰ τὴν κίνησιν, οὕτω καὶ οἱ ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ πόροι καὶ τόποι καταψύχονται ἀναφερομένης τῆς ἀναθυμιάσεως;
Does this then happen because, just as the stomach when empty is hot, but its filling cools it on account of movement, so also the passages and regions in the head are cooled as the exhalation is carried upwards?
Ἢ ὥσπερ τοῖς προσχεομένοις τὸ θερμὸν ἐξαίφνης φρίκη γίνεται, κἀκεῖ ἀνιόντος τοῦ θερμοῦ ἀθροιζόμενον τὸ ψυχρὸν καταψύχει, καὶ τὸ κατὰ φύσιν θερμὸν ποιεῖ ἐξαδυνατεῖν καὶ ὑποχωρεῖν;
Or, just as with those who have hot water poured over them a sudden shivering occurs, does the cold concentrated there also, when the heat ascends, cause cooling, and make the natural heat grow weak and retreat?
Ἔτι δὲ πολλῆς ἐμπιπτούσης τροφῆς, ἣν ἀνάγει τὸ θερμόν, ὥσπερ τὸ πῦρ ἐπιτιθεμένων τῶν ξύλων, καταψύχεται, ἕως ἂν καταπεφθῇ.
Furthermore, when a large amount of food is introduced, which the heat carries up, is the heat cooled, just like fire when logs are piled on, until the food is digested?
Γίνεται γὰρ ὁ ὕπνος, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, τοῦ σωματώδους ἀναφερομένου ὑπὸ τοῦ θερμοῦ διὰ τῶν φλεβῶν πρὸς τὴν κεφαλήν.
For sleep occurs, as has been said, by the bodily matter being carried up by the heat through the veins to the head.
Ὅταν δὲ μηκέτι δύνηται, ἀλλὰ τῷ πλήθει ὑπερβάλλῃ τὸ ἀναχθέν, πάλιν ἀνταπωθεῖται καὶ κάτω ῥεῖ.
But when it is no longer able to sustain it, but the matter carried up exceeds in quantity, it is pushed back again and flows downwards.
Διὸ καταπίπτουσί τε ὑποσπωμένου τοῦ θερμοῦ τοῦ ἀνάγοντος οἱ ἄνθρωποι (μόνον γὰρ ὀρθὸν τῶν ζῴων), καὶ ἐπιπεσὸν μὲν ἔκνοιαν ποιεῖ, ὕστερον δὲ φαντασίαν.
Wherefore, as the heat that carries it up is withdrawn from below, humans fall down (for they alone of animals are upright), and when the matter falls upon them it produces unconsciousness, and later an image.
Ἢ αἱ μὲν νῦν λεγόμεναι λύσεις ἐνδεχόμεναι μέν εἰσι τοῦ γίνεσθαι τὴν κατάψυξιν· οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ κύριός γ’ ἐστὶν ὁ τόπος ὁ περὶ τὸν ἐγκέφαλον, ὥσπερ ἐν ἄλλοις εἴρηται.
Or, while the explanations now mentioned are indeed possible causes for the cooling to occur, nevertheless the region around the brain is sovereign, as has been said in other works.
Πάντων δ’ ἐστὶ τῶν ἐν τῷ σώματι ψυχρότατον ὁ ἐγκέφαλος, τοῖς δὲ μὴ ἔχουσι τὸ ἀνάλογον τούτῳ μόριον.
For the brain is the coldest of all parts in the body, and for those animals that do not possess it, the part analogous to it.
Ὥσπερ οὖν τὸ ἀπατμίζον ὑγρὸν ὑπὸ τῆς τοῦ ἡλίου θερμότητος, ὅταν ἔλθῃ εἰς τὸν ἄνω τόπον, διὰ τὴν ψυχρότητα αὐτοῦ καταψύχεται καὶ συστὰν καταφέρεται γενόμενον πάλιν ὕδωρ, οὕτως ἐν τῇ ἀναφορᾷ τοῦ θερμοῦ τῇ πρὸς τὸν ἐγκέφαλον ἡ μὲν περιττωματικὴ ἀναθυμίασις εἰς φλέγμα συνέρχεται (διὸ καὶ οἱ κατάρροι φαίνονται γιγνόμενοι ἐκ τῆς κεφαλῆς), ἡ δὲ τρόφιμος καὶ μὴ νοσώδης καταφέρεται συνισταμένη καὶ καταψύχει τὸ θερμόν.
Just as, then, the moisture evaporated by the sun's heat, when it reaches the upper region, is cooled due to its coldness, and having condensed is carried down, becoming water again; so too, in the ascent of heat to the brain, the residual exhalation condenses into phlegm (which is why catarrhs also appear to originate from the head), while the nutritious and non-disease-causing exhalation is condensed and carried down, cooling the heat.
Πρὸς δὲ τὸ καταψύχεσθαι καὶ μὴ δέχεσθαι ῥᾳδίως τὴν ἀναθυμίασιν συμβάλλεται καὶ ἡ λεπτότης καὶ ἡ στενότης τῶν περὶ τὸν ἐγκέφαλον φλεβῶν.
And to being cooled and not receiving the exhalation easily, both the thinness and the narrowness of the veins around the brain contribute.
Τῆς μὲν οὖν καταψύξεως τοῦτ’ ἐστὶν αἴτιον, καίπερ τῆς ἀναθυμιάσεως ὑπερβαλλούσης τῇ θερμότητι.
This, then, is the cause of the cooling, even though the exhalation is excessive in its heat.
Ἐγείρεται δ’, ὅταν πεφθῇ καὶ κρατήσῃ ἡ συνεωσμένη θερμότης ἐν ὀλίγῳ πολλὴ ἐκ τοῦ περιεστῶτος, καὶ διακριθῇ τό τε σωματωδέστερον αἷμα καὶ τὸ καθαρώτατον.
And waking occurs when the food is digested, and the compressed heat, being large in quantity in a small space, overcomes the surrounding cold, and both the more bodily blood and the purest blood are separated.
Ἔστι δὲ λεπτότατον μὲν αἷμα καὶ καθαρώτατον τὸ ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ, παχύτατον δὲ καὶ θολερώτατον τὸ ἐν τοῖς κάτω μέρεσιν.
Now the thinnest and purest blood is that in the head, while the thickest and most turbid is that in the lower parts.
Παντὸς δὲ τοῦ αἵματος ἀρχή, ὥσπερ εἴρηται καὶ ἐνταῦθα καὶ ἐν ἄλλοις, ἡ καρδία.
And the source of all blood, as has been said both here and elsewhere, is the heart.
Τῶν δ’ ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ ἑκατέρας τῆς θαλάμης κοινὴ ἡ μέση· ἐκείνων δ’ ἑκατέρα δέχεται ἐξ ἑκατέρας τῆς φλεβός, τῆς τε μεγάλης καλουμένης καὶ τῆς ἀορτῆς· ἐν δὲ τῇ μέσῃ γίνεται ἡ διάκρισις.
And of the two chambers in the heart, the middle one is common to both; and each of those two receives from each of the two veins, namely, the so-called great vein and the aorta; and in the middle chamber the separation takes place.
Ἀλλὰ τὸ μὲν διορίζειν περὶ τούτων ἑτέρων ἐστὶ λόγων οἰκειότερον.
But to define these matters is more appropriate for other discussions.
Διὰ δὲ τὸ γίνεσθαι ἀδιακριτώτερον τὸ αἷμα μετὰ τὴν τῆς τροφῆς προσφορὰν ὁ ὕπνος γίνεται, ἕως ἂν διακριθῇ τοῦ αἵματος τὸ μὲν καθαρώτερον εἰς τὰ ἄνω, τὸ δὲ θολερώτερον εἰς τὰ κάτω· ὅταν δὲ τοῦτο συμβῇ, ἐγείρονται ἀπολυθέντα τοῦ ἐκ τῆς τροφῆς βάρους.
And because the blood becomes more unseparated after the taking of food, sleep occurs, until the purer part of the blood is separated into the upper parts, and the more turbid into the lower parts; and when this happens, they wake up, having been released from the heaviness arising from food.
Τί μὲν οὖν τὸ αἴτιον τοῦ καθεύδειν, εἴρηται, ὅτι ἡ ὑπὸ τοῦ σωματώδους τοῦ ἀναφερομένου ὑπὸ τοῦ συμφύτου θερμοῦ ἀντιπερίστασις ἀθρόως ἐπὶ τὸ πρῶτον αἰσθητήριον· καὶ τί ἐστιν ὁ ὕπνος, ὅτι τοῦ πρώτου αἰσθητηρίου κατάληψις πρὸς τὸ μὴ δύνασθαι ἐνεργεῖν, ἐξ ἀνάγκης μὲν γινόμενος (οὐ γὰρ ἐνδέχεται ζῷον εἶναι μὴ συμβαινόντων τῶν ἀπεργαζομένων αὐτό,) ἕνεκα δὲ σωτηρίας· σώζει γὰρ ἡ ἀνάπαυσις.
Therefore, what the cause of sleeping is has been stated, namely, the antiperistasis in a mass upon the primary sensory organ by the bodily matter carried up by the connate heat; and what sleep is has been stated, namely, the fettering of the primary sensory organ so that it cannot function, occurring of necessity (for it is not possible for an animal to exist without the occurrences that bring it about taking place), but for the sake of preservation; for rest preserves it.