§5.1Τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ τρόπον δεῖ νοῆσαι καὶ περὶ τὰς ὀσμάς· ὅπερ γὰρ ποιεῖ ἐν τῷ ὑγρῷ τὸ ξηρόν, τοῦτο ποιεῖ ἐν ἄλλῳ γένει τὸ ἔγχυμον ὑγρόν, ἐν ἀέρι καὶ ὕδατι ὁμοίως.
In the same manner, we must understand concerning odors; for what the dry produces in the moist, this the sapid moist produces in another class, in air and water alike.
Κοινὸν δὲ κατὰ τούτων νῦν μὲν λέγομεν τὸ διαφανές, ἔστι δ’ ὀσφραντὸν οὐχ ᾗ διαφανές, ἀλλ’ ᾗ πλυντικὸν ἢ ῥυπτικὸν ἐγχύμου ξηρότητος· οὐ γὰρ μόνον ἐν ἀέρι ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν ὕδατι τὸ τῆς ὀσφρήσεώς ἐστιν.
Now, we call the transparent that which is common to these, but the object of smell exists not insofar as it is transparent, but insofar as it is capable of washing or cleansing the sapid dryness; for the sense of smell is not only in air but also in water.
§5.2Δῆλον δ’ ἐπὶ τῶν ἰχθύων καὶ τῶν ὀστρακοδέρμων· φαίνονται γὰρ ὀσφραινόμενα οὔτε ἀέρος ὄντος ἐν τῷ ὕδατι (ἐπιπολάζει γὰρ ὁ ἀήρ, ὅταν ἐγγένηται) οὔτ’ αὐτὰ ἀναπνέοντα.
This is clear in the case of fishes and testaceans; for they appear to smell even when there is no air in the water (for air floats on the surface when it is generated in it) and when they themselves are not breathing.
Εἰ οὖν τις θείη καὶ τὸν ἀέρα καὶ τὸ ὕδωρ ἄμφω ὑγρά, εἴη ἂν ἡ ἐν ὑγρῷ τοῦ ἐγχύμου ξηροῦ φύσις ὀσμή, καὶ ὀσφραντὸν τὸ τοιοῦτον.
If, then, one were to posit both air and water as fluid, odor would be the nature of the sapid dry in the fluid, and such would be the object of smell.
§5.3Ὅτι δ’ ἅπαν χυμοῦ ἐστὶ τὸ πάθος, δῆλον ἐκ τῶν ἐχόντων καὶ μὴ ἐχόντων ὀσμήν· τά τε γὰρ στοιχεῖα ἄοσμα, οἷον πῦρ ἀὴρ ὕδωρ γῆ, διὰ τὸ τά τε ξηρὰ αὐτῶν καὶ τὰ ὑγρὰ ἄχυμα εἶναι, ἐὰν μή τι μιγνύμενον ποιῇ.
And that odor is entirely an affection of taste is clear from those things that have and those that do not have odor; for the elements are odorless, such as fire, air, water, and earth, because both their dry and moist parts are tasteless, unless some mixture produces taste.
§5.4Διὸ καὶ ἡ θάλαττα ἔχει ὀσμήν· ἔχει γὰρ χυμὸν καὶ ξηρότητα.
Therefore, the sea also has an odor; for it has taste and dryness.
Καὶ ἅλες μᾶλλον λίτρου ὀσμώδεις· δηλοῖ δὲ τὸ ἐξικμαζόμενον ἐξ αὐτῶν ἔλαιον· τὸ δὲ λίτρον γῆς ἐστὶ μᾶλλον.
And salt is more odorous than natron, as is shown by the oil extracted from them; but natron is more of earth.
Ἔτι λίθος μὲν ἄοσμον, ἄχυμον γάρ, τὰ δὲ ξύλα ὀσμώδη, ἔγχυμα γάρ· καὶ τοῦτων τὰ ὑδατώδη ἧττον.
Furthermore, stone is odorless, for it is tasteless, but wood is odorous, for it is sapid; and of these, the watery kinds are less so.
§5.5Ἔτι τῶν μεταλλευομένων χρυσὸς ἄοσμον, ἄχυμον γάρ, ὁ δὲ χαλκὸς καὶ ὁ σίδηρος ὀσμώδη.
Further, among metals, gold is odorless, for it is tasteless, but copper and iron are odorous.
Ὅταν δ’ ἐκκαυθῇ τὸ ὑγρόν, ἀοσμότεραι αἱ σκωρίαι γίγνονται πάντων.
But when the moisture is burned out, the slags of all metals become more odorless.
Ἄργυρος δὲ καὶ καττίτερος τῶν μὲν μᾶλλον ὀσμώδη τῶν δ’ ἧττον· ὑδατώδη γάρ.
Silver and tin are more odorous than some metals but less so than others; for they are watery.
§5.6Δοκεῖ δ’ ἐνίοις ἡ καπνώδης ἀναθυμίασις εἶναι ὀσμή, οὖσα κοινὴ γῆς τε καὶ ἀέρος.
But to some, the smoky exhalation seems to be odor, which is common to earth and air.
Καὶ πάντες ἐπιφέρονται ἐπὶ τοῦτο περὶ ὀσμῆς· διὸ καὶ Ἡράκλειτος οὕτως εἴρηκεν, ὡς εἰ πάντα τὰ ὄντα καπνὸς γένοιτο, ῥῖνες ἂν διαγνοῖεν.
And everyone turns to this opinion concerning odor; therefore, Heraclitus also spoke in this way, that if all existing things were to become smoke, noses would discern them.
§5.7Ἐπὶ δὲ τὴν ὀσμὴν πάντες ἐπιφέρονται οἱ μὲν ὡς ἀτμίδα, οἱ δ’ ὡς ἀναθυμίασιν, οἱ δ’ ὡς ἄμφω ταῦτα.
And concerning odor, everyone turns to this, some as vapor, others as exhalation, and others as both of these.
Ἔστι δ’ ἡ μὲν ἀτμὶς ὑγρότης τις, ἡ δὲ καπνώδης ἀναθυμίασις, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, κοινὸν ἀέρος καὶ γῆς· καὶ συνίσταται ἐκ μὲν ἐκείνης ὕδωρ, ἐκ δὲ ταύτης γῆς τι εἶδος.
Now vapor is a kind of moisture, but the smoky exhalation, as has been said, is common to air and earth; and water condenses from the former, while a certain kind of earth is formed from the latter.
§5.8Ἀλλ’ οὐδέτερον τούτων ἔοικεν· ἡ μὲν γὰρ ἀτμίς ἐστιν ὕδατος, ἡ δὲ καπνώδης ἀναθυμίασις ἀδύνατος ἐν ὕδατι γενέσθαι.
But neither of these seems to be odor; for vapor belongs to water, and it is impossible for smoky exhalation to occur in water.
Ὀσμᾶται δὲ καὶ τὰ ἐν τῷ ὕδατι, ὥσπερ εἴρηται πρότερον.
Yet, as has been said before, animals in water also smell.
Ἔτι ἡ ἀναθυμίασις ὁμοίως λέγεται ταῖς ἀπορροίαις.
Furthermore, exhalation is spoken of in the same way as effluences.
Εἰ οὖν μηδ’ ἐκείνη καλῶς, οὐδ’ αὕτη καλῶς.
If, therefore, that theory was not correct, neither is this one.
§5.9Ὅτι μὲν οὖν ἐνδέχεται ἀπολαύειν τὸ ὑγρὸν καὶ τὸ ἐν τῷ πνεύματι καὶ τὸ ἐν τῷ ὕδατι καὶ πάσχειν τι ὑπὸ τῆς ἐγχύμου ξηρότητος, οὐκ ἄδηλον· καὶ γὰρ ὁ ἀὴρ ὑγρὸν τὴν φύσιν ἐστίν.
Therefore, it is not unclear that it is possible for the fluid—both that in the breath and that in the water—to receive an influence and suffer something from the sapid dryness; for air also is fluid by nature.
Ὅτι δ’ ὁμοίως ἐν τοῖς ὑγροῖς ποιεῖ καὶ ἐν τῷ ἀέρι οἷον ἀποπλυνόμενον τὸ ξηρόν, φανερόν.
And it is manifest that the dry acts in fluids and in air in the same way, as if being washed out.
Ἔτι δεῖ ἀνάλογον εἶναι τὰς ὀσμὰς τοῖς χυμοῖς.
Furthermore, odors must be analogous to tastes.
§5.10Ἀλλὰ μὴν τοῦτό γε ἐπ’ ἐνίων συμβέβηκεν· καὶ γὰρ δριμεῖαι καὶ γλυκεῖαί εἰσιν ὀσμαὶ καὶ αὐστηραὶ καὶ στρυφναὶ καὶ λιπαραί, καὶ τοῖς πικροῖς τὰς σαπρὰς ἄν τις ἀνάλογον εἴποι.
And indeed, this is the case with some; for there are pungent and sweet odors, and harsh, astringent, and oily ones, and one might say that putrid odors are analogous to bitter tastes.
Διὸ ὥσπερ ἐκεῖνα δυσκατάποτα, τὰ σαπρὰ δυσανάπνευστά ἐστιν.
Therefore, just as those are difficult to swallow, so putrid odors are hard to breathe in.
Δῆλον ἄρα ὅτι ὅπερ ἐν τῷ ὕδατι ὁ χυμός, τοῦτ’ ἐν τῷ ἀέρι καὶ ὕδατι ἡ ὀσμή.
It is clear, then, that what taste is in water, this odor is in air and water.
§5.11Καὶ διὰ τοῦτο τὸ ψυχρὸν καὶ ἡ πῆξις καὶ τοὺς χυμοὺς ἀμβλύνει καὶ τὰς ὀσμὰς ἀφανίζει· τὸ γὰρ θερμὸν τὸ κινοῦν καὶ δημιουργοῦν ἀφανίζουσιν ἡ ψύξις καὶ ἡ πῆξις.
And for this reason, cold and freezing both blunt tastes and make odors vanish; for cooling and freezing destroy the heat which moves and fashions them.
Εἴδη δὲ τοῦ ὀσφραντοῦ δύο ἐστίν· οὐ γὰρ ὥσπερ τινές φασιν, οὐκ ἔστιν εἴδη τοῦ ὀσφραντοῦ, ἀλλ’ ἔστιν.
Now, there are two species of the object of smell; for it is not as some say, that there are no species of the object of smell, but they do exist.