§4.1Τί μὲν οὖν ἐστὶ χρῶμα καὶ διὰ τίν’ αἰτίαν πολλαὶ χροιαί εἰσιν, εἴρηται· περὶ δὲ ψόφου καὶ φωνῆς εἴρηται πρότερον ἐν τοῖς περὶ ψυχῆς· περὶ δὲ ὀσμῆς καὶ χυμοῦ νῦν λεκτέον.
What color is, then, and for what cause there are many colors, has been stated; but concerning sound and voice, it has been stated before in On the Soul; and concerning odor and taste, we must speak now.
Σχεδὸν γάρ ἐστι τὸ αὐτὸ πάθος, οὐκ ἐν τοῖς αὐτοῖς δ’ ἐστὶν ἑκάτερον αὐτῶν.
For they are almost the same affection, though each of them is not in the same things.
§4.2Ἐναργέστερον δ’ ἐστὶν ἡμῖν τὸ τῶν χυμῶν γένος ἢ τὸ τῆς ὀσμῆς.
The class of tastes is clearer to us than that of odor.
Τούτου δ’ αἴτιον ὅτι χειρίστην ἔχομεν τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων τὴν ὄσφρησιν καὶ τῶν ἐν ἡμῖν αὐτοῖς αἰσθήσεως, τὴν δ’ ἁφὴν ἀκριβεστάτην τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων.
The cause of this is that we have the worst sense of smell among all other animals, and of the senses within ourselves, while our touch is the most accurate of all other animals.
Ἢ δὲ γεῦσις ἁφή τις ἐστίν.
And taste is a certain touch.
§4.3Ἢ μὲν οὖν τοῦ ὕδατος φύσις βούλεται ἄχυμος εἶναι· ἀνάγκη δ’ ἢ ἐν αὑτῷ τὸ ὕδωρ ἔχειν τὰ γένη τῶν χυμῶν ἀναίσθητα διὰ μικρότητα, καθάπερ Ἐμπεδοκλῆς φησίν, ἢ ὕλην τοιαύτην ἐνεῖναι οἷον πανσπερμίαν χυμῶν, καὶ ἅπαντα μὲν ἐξ ὕδατος γίγνεσθαι, ἄλλα δ’ ἐξ ἄλλου μέρους, ἢ μηδεμίαν ἔχοντος διαφορὰν τοῦ ὕδατος τὸ ποιοῦν αἴτιον εἶναι, οἷον εἰ τὸ θερμὸν καὶ τὸν ἥλιον φαίη τις.
Now, the nature of water tends to be tasteless; but it is necessary either that water contains in itself the kinds of tastes, imperceptible because of their smallness, as Empedocles says, or that there is in it such a matter as a panspermia of tastes, and all things are generated from water, but different ones from different parts, or that water having no difference, the active cause is the cause, as if one were to say the hot and the sun.
§4.4Τούτων δ’, ὡς μὲν Ἐμπεδοκλῆς λέγει, λίαν εὐσύνοπτον τὸ ψεῦδος· ὁρῶμεν γὰρ μεταβάλλοντας ὑπὸ τοῦ θερμοῦ τοὺς χυμοὺς ἀφαιρουμένων τῶν περικαρπίων εἰς τὸν ἥλιον καὶ πυρουμένων, ὡς οὐ τῷ ἐκ τοῦ ὕδατος ἕλκειν τοιούτους γινομένους, ἀλλ’ ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ περικαρπίῳ μεταβάλλοντας, καὶ ἐξικμαζομένους δὲ καὶ κειμένους, διὰ τὸν χρόνον, αὐστηροὺς ἐκ γλυκέων καὶ πικροὺς καὶ παντοδαποὺς γινομένους, καὶ ἑψομένους, εἰς πάντα τὰ γένη τῶν χυμῶν ὡς εἰπεῖν μεταβάλλοντας.
Of these, the falsehood of what Empedocles says is very easy to see; for we see tastes changing under the influence of the hot when the fruits are exposed to the sun and heated, as they do not become such by drawing these from the water, but by changing within the fruit itself; and when they are dried out and left to lie, they become in course of time harsh instead of sweet, and bitter, and of all kinds; and when they are boiled, they change, so to speak, into all the classes of tastes.
§4.5Ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τὸ πανσπερμίας εἶναι τὸ ὕδωρ ὕλην ἀδύνατον· ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ γὰρ ὁρῶμεν ὡς ἐκ τῆς αὐτῆς τροφῆς γινομένους ἑτέρους χυμούς.
Similarly, it is impossible that water is the matter of a panspermia; for we see different tastes being generated from the same thing, as if from the same nourishment.
Λείπεται δὴ τῷ πάσχειν τι τὸ ὕδωρ μεταβάλλειν.
It remains, then, that water changes by being affected in some way.
§4.6Ὅτι μὲν τοίνυν οὐχ ὑπὸ τῆς τοῦ θερμοῦ δυνάμεως λαμβάνει ταύτην τὴν δύναμιν ἣν καλοῦμεν χυμόν, φανερόν· λεπτότατον γὰρ τῶν πάντων ὑγρῶν τὸ ὕδωρ ἐστί, καὶ αὐτοῦ τοῦ ἐλαίου.
That, therefore, it does not receive this power which we call taste from the power of the hot, is clear; for water is the thinnest of all liquids, even of oil itself.
Ἀλλ’ ἐπεκτείνεται ἐπὶ πλεῖον τοῦ ὕδατος τὸ ἔλαιον διὰ τὴν γλισχρότητα.
But oil is extended more than water because of its viscosity.
Τὸ δ’ ὕδωρ ψαθυρόν ἐστι· διὸ καὶ χαλεπώτερον φυλάξαι ἐν τῇ χειρὶ ὕδωρ ἢ ἔλαιον.
Water is easily disintegrated; therefore it is more difficult to keep water in the hand than oil.
§4.7Ἐπεὶ δὲ θερμαινόμενον οὐδὲν φαίνεται παχυνόμενον τὸ ὕδωρ αὐτὸ μόνον, δῆλον ὅτι ἑτέρα τις ἂν εἴη αἰτία· οἱ γὰρ χυμοὶ πάντες πάχος ἔχουσι μᾶλλον· τὸ δὲ θερμὸν συναίτιον.
Since water itself alone when heated does not appear to become thicker, it is clear that there would be some other cause; for all tastes have more thickness; and the hot is a co-cause.
Φαίνονται δ’ οἱ χυμοὶ ὅσοιπερ καὶ ἐν τοῖς περικαρπίοις, οὗτοι ὑπάρχοντες καὶ ἐν τῇ γῇ.
And indeed, whatever tastes appear in the fruits, these are also present in the earth.
§4.8Διὸ καὶ πολλοί φασι τῶν ἀρχαίων φυσιολόγων τοιοῦτον εἶναι τὸ ὕδωρ δι’ οἵας ἂν γῆς πορεύηται.
Therefore, many of the ancient natural philosophers say that water is of such a character as the earth through which it flows.
Καὶ τοῦτο δῆλόν ἐστιν ἐπὶ τῶν ἁλμυρῶν ὑδάτων μάλιστα· οἱ γὰρ ἅλες γῆς τι εἶδός εἰσιν.
And this is clearest especially in the case of salty waters; for salts are a kind of earth.
Καὶ τὰ διὰ τῆς τέφρας διηθούμενα πικρᾶς οὔσης πικρὸν ποιεῖ τὸν χυμόν.
And things filtered through ashes, which are bitter, make the taste bitter.
§4.9Εἰσί τε κρῆναι πολλαὶ αἱ μὲν πικραί, αἱ δ’ ὀξεῖαι, αἱ δὲ παντοδαποὺς ἔχουσαι χυμοὺς ἄλλους.
And there are many springs, some bitter, some sour, and others having all kinds of other tastes.
Εὐλόγως δ’ ἐν τοῖς φυομένοις τὸ τῶν χυμῶν γίνεται γένος μάλιστα.
It is reasonable that the class of tastes is generated especially in growing things.
Πάσχειν γὰρ πέφυκε τὸ ὑγρόν, ὥσπερ καὶ τἆλλα, ὑπὸ τοῦ ἐναντίου· ἐναντίον δὲ τὸ ξηρόν.
For the moist is by nature affected, just like other things, by its contrary; and the contrary is the dry.
Διὸ καὶ ὑπὸ τοῦ πυρὸς πάσχει τι· ξηρὰ γὰρ ἡ τοῦ πυρὸς φύσις.
Therefore, it is affected also in some way by fire; for the nature of fire is dry.
§4.10Ἀλλ’ ἴδιον τοῦ πυρὸς τὸ θερμόν ἐστι, γῆς δὲ τὸ ξηρόν, ὥσπερ εἴρηται ἐν τοῖς περὶ στοιχείων.
But the hot is peculiar to fire, and the dry to earth, as has been said in On Elements.
Ἧι μὲν οὖν πῦρ καὶ ᾗ γῆ, οὐδὲν πέφυκε ποιεῖν ἢ πάσχειν, οὐδ’ ἄλλο οὐδέν· ᾗ δ’ ὑπάρχει ἐναντιότης ἐν ἐκάστῳ, ταύτῃ πάντα καὶ ποιοῦσι καὶ πάσχουσιν.
Insofar, then, as they are fire and earth, they are by nature not disposed to act or be affected, nor is anything else; but insofar as contrariety exists in each, in this way they all act and are affected.
§4.11Ὥσπερ οὖν οἱ ἐναποπλύνοντες ἐν τῷ ὑγρῷ τὰ χρώματα καὶ τοὺς χυμοὺς τοιοῦτον ἔχειν ποιοῦσι τὸ ὕδωρ, οὕτω καὶ ἡ φύσις τὸ ξηρὸν καὶ τὸ γεῶδες, καὶ διὰ τοῦ ξηροῦ καὶ γεώδους διηθοῦσα καὶ κινοῦσα τῷ θερμῷ ποιόν τι τὸ ὑγρὸν παρασκευάζει.
Just as, therefore, those who wash out colors and tastes in the liquid make the water such, so also nature prepares the moist as a certain quality by filtering the dry and earthy, and moving it by the hot.
§4.12Καὶ ἔστι τοῦτο χυμὸς τὸ γιγνόμενον ὑπὸ τοῦ εἰρημένου ξηροῦ πάθος ἐν τῷ ὑγρῷ τῆς γεύσεως τῆς κατὰ δύναμιν ἀλλοιωτικὸν εἰς ἐνέργειαν· ἄγει γὰρ τὸ αἰσθητικὸν εἰς τοῦτο δυνάμει προϋπάρχον· οὐ γὰρ κατὰ τὸ μανθάνειν ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὸ θεωρεῖν ἐστὶ τὸ αἰσθάνεσθαι.
And this is taste: the affection produced in the moist by the aforementioned dry, which is capable of altering the potential sense of taste into actuality; for it leads the sensitive faculty, which pre-exists potentially, into this; since sensing is not like learning, but like contemplating.