§1.1.12Ἐπεὶ δὲ ἡ φύσις τὴν τοῦ ζῴου ζωὴν ἐν τῷ θανάτῳ φθείρουσα, πάλιν ἐν τῷ ἰδίῳ γένει ταύτην διὰ γενέσεως συντηρεῖ, πάντῃ ἀσύμφωνόν ἐστιν ἵνα μέσον ἐμψύχου τε καὶ ἀψύχου ἄλλο τι μέσον τιθῶμεν.
Since nature, while destroying the life of the animal in death, preserves it again in its own genus through generation, it is entirely inconsistent that we should place another middle between the animate and the inanimate.
Ἐπιστάμεθα δὲ ὅτι καὶ τὰ κογχύλιά εἰσι ζῷα, γνώσεως ἐστερημένα, διότι εἰσὶ φυτὰ ἐν ταὐτῷ καὶ ζῷα.
But we know that shellfish are also animals deprived of knowledge, because they are at the same time plants and animals.
§1.1.13Μόνη ἄρα ἡ αἴσθησίς ἐστιν αἰτία δι’ ἣν ταῦτα λέγονται ζῷα.
Therefore, sensation alone is the cause for which these are called animals.
Τὰ γὰρ γένη διδόασι τοῖς οἰκείοις εἴδεσιν ὀνόματα καὶ ὁρισμούς, τὰ δὲ εἴδη τοῖς οἰκείοις ἀτόμοις ὀνόματα.
For genera give names and definitions to their own species, and species give names to their own individuals.
Δεῖ τε τὸ γένος ἐκ μιᾶς καὶ κοινῆς αἰτίας εἶναι ἐν τοῖς πολλοῖς, καὶ οὐκ ἐκ πολλῶν.
And the genus must exist in many things from a single and common cause, and not from many.
§1.1.14Ὁ λόγος δὲ τῆς αἰτίας, δι’ ἣν βεβαιοῦται τὸ γένος, οὐ τῷ τυχόντι ἐστὶ γνώριμος.
The reason of the cause, by which the genus is established, is not known to just anyone.
Πάλιν εἰσὶ ζῷα ἅπερ στεροῦνται γένους θήλεος, ἕτερα ἅπερ οὐ γεννῶσιν, ἕτερα ἅπερ κίνησιν οὐκ ἔχουσιν· καὶ εἰσὶν ἄλλα διαφόρων χρωμάτων, καὶ εἰσί τινα ἃ ποιοῦσι τόκον ἑαυτοῖς ἀνόμοιον, εἰσί τε ἄλλα ἃ αὐξάνουσιν ἐκ τῆς γῆς ἢ ἐκ δένδρων.
Again, there are animals that are deprived of the female gender, others that do not generate, others that do not have movement; and there are others of different colors, and there are some that produce offspring unlike themselves, and there are others that grow from the earth or from trees.
§1.1.15Τίς οὖν ἐστὶν ἡ ἀρχὴ ἡ ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ τοῦ ζῴου;
What then is the principle in the soul of the animal?
Τί ἄλλο εἰ μὴ τὸ εὐγενὲς ζῷον, ὃ τὸν οὐρανὸν περιοδεύει, τὸν ἥλιον, τὰ ἄστρα καὶ τοὺς πλάνητας, τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς ἐνειρμένης ἐξωτερικὰ ἀμφιβολίας, ἃ δὴ καὶ ἀπαθῆ εἰσίν;
What else but the noble living being that circles the heaven, the sun, the stars, and the planets, things external to the predetermined chain, which indeed are also passionless?
ἡ γὰρ αἴσθησις τῶν αἰσθανομένων πάθος.
For sensation is a passion of those that perceive.
§1.1.16Ἰστέον δὲ καὶ ὅτι οὐκ ἔχουσι τὰ φυτὰ κίνησιν ἐξ ἑαυτῶν· τῇ γὰρ γῇ εἰσὶ πεπηγότα, ἡ δὲ γῆ ἀκίνητός ἐστι.
And it must also be known that plants do not have movement from themselves; for they are fixed in the earth, and the earth is immovable.
Συλλογισώμεθα τοίνυν πόθεν ἂν ταύτῃ ζωή, ἵνα ποιήσωμεν καὶ αὐτὰ αἰσθητικά.
Let us therefore reason from what source life comes to this, so that we may also make them sensitive.
Οὐ γὰρ περιέχει ταῦτα ἓν πρᾶγμα κοινόν.
For these do not contain one common thing.
Λέγομεν δὲ ὅτι τῆς ζωῆς τῶν ζῴων κοινή ἐστιν αἰτία ἡ αἴσθησις.
But we say that the common cause of the life of animals is sensation.
Αὕτη δὲ ποιεῖ διάκρισιν μέσον ζωῆς καὶ θανάτου.
And this makes a distinction in the middle between life and death.
§1.1.17Ὁ οὐρανὸς δὲ ἐπεὶ ἔχει διοίκησιν εὐγενεστέραν καὶ ἀξιολογωτέραν τῆς ἡμετέρας διοικήσεως, ἀπεμακρύνθη τούτων.
But since the heaven has a administration more noble and worthy of esteem than our administration, it has been removed from these.
Δεῖ τοίνυν ἵνα τὸ ζῷον τὸ τέλειον καὶ τὸ ἠλαττωμένον ἔχῃ τι κοινόν· καὶ τοῦτο ἐστὶν ὁ σκοπὸς τῆς ζωῆς.
It is necessary, then, that the perfect animal and the diminished one have something in common; and this is the purpose of life.
Τῇ ταύτης γοῦν στερήσει δεῖ ἵνα πᾶς τις ἀποχωρῇ τῶν τοιούτων ὀνομάτων, ὅτι οὐκ ἔστι μέσον.
By the deprivation of this, at any rate, everyone must depart from such names, because there is no middle.
§1.1.18Ἡ δὲ ζωή ἐστι μέσον· τὸ γὰρ ἄψυχον οὐκ ἔχει ψυχὴν οὐδέ τι τῶν μερῶν αὐτῆς.
But life is the middle; for the inanimate has neither a soul nor any of its parts.
Τὸ δὲ φυτὸν οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τῶν στερουμένων ψυχῆς, ὅτι ἐν αὐτῷ ἐστί τι μέρος ψυχῆς· ἀλλ’ οὐκ ἔστι ζῷον, ὅτι οὐδὲ αἴσθησις ἐν αὐτῷ.
But the plant is not among those deprived of soul, because there is some part of the soul in it; yet it is not an animal, because there is no sensation in it.
Ἐξέρχεται δὲ ἐκ ζωῆς εἰς μὴ ζωὴν κατὰ βραχύ, ὡς καὶ τὰ καθ’ ἕκαστον.
And it departs from life into non-life gradually, just like individual things.
§1.1.19Δυνάμεθα δὲ καὶ ἄλλως λέγειν, ὅτι ἔστιν ἔμψυχον τὸ φυτόν, καὶ οὐ λέγομεν ὅτι ἄψυχον.
And we can also speak otherwise, that the plant is animate, and we do not say that it is inanimate.
Εἰ ἔχει δὲ ψυχήν, οὐ λέγομεν ὅτι καί τινα ἤδη ἔχει αἴσθησιν.
But if it has a soul, we do not say that it already also has some sensation.
Πρᾶγμα γὰρ τὸ τρεφόμενον οὐκ ἔστιν ἄνευ ψυχῆς.
For that which is nourished is not without a soul.
Πᾶν δὲ ζῷον ἔχει ψυχήν.
And every animal has a soul.
Τὸ δὲ φυτόν ἐστιν ἀτελὲς πρᾶγμα.
But the plant is an imperfect thing.
Πάλιν τὸ ζῷον ἔχει μέλη διωρισμένα, τὸ φυτὸν ἀδιόριστα.
Again, the animal has defined parts, while the plant has undefined ones.
§1.1.20Ἔχει δὲ ὕλην οἰκείαν κινήσεως, ἣν ἔχει ἐν ἑαυτῷ, Πάλιν δυνάμεθα λέγειν τὰ φυτὰ ψυχὴν ἔχειν, ὅτι ψυχή ἐστιν ἡ ποιοῦσα ἐν αὐτοῖς γεννᾶσθαι τὰς κινήσεις.
And it has its own matter of movement, which it has in itself. Again, we can say that plants have a soul, because it is the soul that causes movements to be generated in them.
Ἐπιθυμία δὲ καὶ κίνησις ἡ ἐν τόποις οὐκ ἔστιν εἰ μὴ κατὰ αἰσθήσεως.
But desire and local movement do not exist except with sensation.
Πάλιν τὸ ἕλκειν τροφήν ἐστιν ἐξ ἀρχῆς φυσικῆς, καὶ τοῦτ’ αὐτό ἐστι τὸ κοινὸν ζῴου καὶ φυτοῦ.
Again, drawing nourishment is from a natural principle, and this itself is what is common to animal and plant.
§1.1.21Οὐκ ἔσται δὲ φροντὶς ἐπὶ τῇ ἑλκύσει τῆς τροφῆς αἰσθήσεως τὸ παράπαν, ὅτι πάν τὸ τρεφόμενον χρῄζει ἐν τῇ οἰκείᾳ τροφῇ δύο ποιοτήτων τινῶν, θερμότητός φημι καὶ ψυχρότητος· καὶ διὰ τοῦτο δεῖται τροφῆς ὑγρᾶς ὁμοίως καὶ ξηρᾶς· ἡ δὲ θερμότης καὶ ἡ ψυχρότης εὑρίσκεται ἐν βρώμασι ξηροῖς καὶ ὑγροῖς.
And there will be no concern of sensation at all in the drawing of nourishment, because everything that is nourished needs in its own nourishment two certain qualities, I mean heat and cold; and for this reason it needs wet nourishment as well as dry; and heat and cold are found in dry and wet foods.
§1.1.22Οὐδεμία δὲ τῶν τοιούτων φύσεων χωρίζεται τῆς συμμετόχου αὐτῆς.
And none of such natures is separated from its partner.
Διὰ τοῦτο γὰρ καὶ πρώτως ἐγένετο ἡ τροφὴ τῷ τρέφοντι συνεχὴς ἕως καὶ εἰς αὐτὴν τὴν ὥραν τῆς φθορᾶς· καὶ ὀφείλουσι χρῆσθαι ταύτῃ τὸ ζῷον καὶ τὸ φυτὸν τοιαύτῃ ὁποῖόν ἐστιν ἑκάτερον αὐτῶν.
For because of this, nourishment was also primarily continuous with that which is nourished even until the very hour of destruction; and the animal and the plant must use it in such a way as is appropriate to each of them.