§2.6.17φιλοτιμοῦνται δὲ πρὸς τοὺς ὁμοίους· φροντίζουσι δʼ ὡς ἀληθευόντων τῶν φρονίμων, τοιοῦτοι δʼ οἵ τε πρεσβύτεροι καὶ οἱ πεπαιδευμένοι.
And they compete with their equals; and they care for the prudent as telling the truth, and such are the older and the educated.
§2.6.18καὶ τὰ ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς καὶ τὰ ἐν φανερῷ μᾶλλον (ὅθεν καὶ ἡ παροιμία τὸ ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς εἶναι αἰδῶ)· διὰ τοῦτο τοὺς ἀεὶ παρεσομένους μᾶλλον αἰσχύνονται καὶ τοὺς προσέχοντας αὐτοῖς, διὰ τὸ ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς ἀμφότερα.
And they feel shame more at things before their eyes and in public (whence also the proverb 'shame is in the eyes'); for this reason they feel more shame before those who will always be present with them and those who attend to them, because both are before their eyes.
§2.6.19καὶ τοὺς μὴ περὶ ταὐτὰ ἐνόχους· δῆλον γὰρ ὅτι τἀναντία δοκεῖ τούτοις.
And they feel shame before those who are not guilty of the same things; for it is clear that these hold the opposite opinions.
καὶ τοὺς μὴ συγγνωμονικοὺς τοῖς φαινομένοις ἁμαρτάνειν· ἃ γάρ τις αὐτὸς ποιεῖ, ταῦτα λέγεται τοῖς πέλας οὐ νεμεσᾶν, ὥστε ἃ μὴ ποιεῖ, δῆλον ὅτι νεμεσᾷ.
And before those who are not forgiving towards those who appear to err; for what a man does himself, these things he is said not to resent in his neighbors, so that what he does not do, it is clear that he does resent.
§2.6.20καὶ τοὺς ἐξαγγελτικοὺς πολλοῖς· οὐδὲν γὰρ διαφέρει μὴ δοκεῖν ἢ μὴ ἐξαγγέλλειν·
And before those who are apt to tell many people; for it makes no difference whether one does not seem to have done a thing or whether it is not reported.
ἐξαγγελτικοὶ δὲ οἵ τε ἠδικημένοι, διὰ τὸ παρατηρεῖν, καὶ οἱ κακολόγοι· εἴπερ γὰρ καὶ τοὺς μὴ ἁμαρτάνοντας, ἔτι μᾶλλον τοὺς ἁμαρτάνοντας.
And those apt to tell are both those who have been wronged, because they watch closely, and backbiters; for if they speak ill even of those who do not err, they will do so still more of those who do.
καὶ οἷς ἡ διατριβὴ ἐπὶ ταῖς τῶν πέλας ἁμαρτίαις, οἷον χλευασταῖς καὶ κωμῳδοποιοῖς· κακολόγοι γάρ πως οὗτοι καὶ ἐξαγγελτικοί.
And those whose occupation is with their neighbors' errors, such as mockers and comic poets; for these are in a way backbiters and apt to tell.
καὶ ἐν οἷς μηδὲν ἀποτετυχήκασιν· ὥσπερ γὰρ θαυμαζόμενοι διάκεινται·
And before those among whom they have never failed; for they are in the position of being admired.
διὸ καὶ τοὺς πρῶτον δεηθέντας τι αἰσχύνονται ὡς οὐδέν πω ἠδοξηκότες ἐν αὐτοῖς· τοιοῦτοι δὲ οἱ ἄρτι βουλόμενοι φίλοι εἶναι (τὰ γὰρ βέλτιστα τεθέανται· διὸ εὖ ἔχει ἡ τοῦ Εὐριπίδου ἀπόκρισις πρὸς τοὺς Συρακοσίους), καὶ τῶν πάλαι γνωρίμων οἱ μηδὲν συνειδότες.
For this reason they also feel shame before those who ask something of them for the first time, as having as yet lost no reputation among them; and such are those who have just wished to be friends (for they have seen only what is best; wherefore Euripides' answer to the Syracusans was appropriate), and those among their old acquaintances who know nothing against them.
§2.6.21αἰσχύνονται δὲ οὐ μόνον αὐτὰ τὰ ῥηθέντα αἰσχυντηλὰ ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ σημεῖα, οἷον οὐ μόνον ἀφροδισιάζοντες ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ σημεῖα αὐτοῦ, καὶ οὐ μόνον ποιοῦντες §2.6.22τὰ αἰσχρά, ἀλλὰ καὶ λέγοντες.
And they feel shame not only at the shameful things themselves which have been mentioned, but also at their signs; for example, not only when engaging in sexual acts, but also at the signs of it, and not only when doing shameful things, but also when speaking of them.
ὁμοίως δὲ οὐ τοὺς εἰρημένους μόνον αἰσχύνονται, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς δηλώσοντας αὐτοῖς, οἷον θεράποντας καὶ φίλους τούτων.
Likewise, they feel shame not only before those who have been mentioned, but also before those who will reveal them to those people, such as their servants and friends.
§2.6.23ὅλως δὲ οὐκ αἰσχύνονται οὔθʼ ὧν πολὺ καταφρονοῦσι τῆς δόξης τοῦ ἀληθεύειν (οὐδεὶς γὰρ παιδία καὶ θηρία αἰσχύνεται), οὔτε ταὐτὰ τοὺς γνωρίμους καὶ τοὺς ἀγνῶτας, ἀλλὰ τοὺς μὲν γνωρίμους τὰ πρὸς ἀλήθειαν δοκοῦντα τοὺς δʼ ἄπωθεν τὰ πρὸς τὸν νόμον.
But in general they feel no shame before those whose opinion they greatly despise as to its telling the truth (for no one feels shame before children and beasts), nor do they feel shame at the same things before acquaintances and strangers, but before acquaintances they feel shame at things that seem shameful in truth, and before those at a distance at things that seem shameful according to convention.
§2.6.24αὐτοὶ δὲ ὧδε διακείμενοι αἰσχυνθεῖεν ἄν, πρῶτον μὲν εἰ ὑπάρχοιεν πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἔχοντες οὕτως τινὲς οἵους ἔφαμεν εἶναι οὓς αἰσχύνονται.
And they themselves would feel shame if they were in the following states: first, if there should exist some who stand in such a relation to them as those before whom we said they feel shame.
ἦσαν δʼ οὗτοι ἢ οἱ θαυμαζόμενοι ἢ θαυμάζοντες ἢ ὑφʼ ὧν βούλονται θαυμάζεσθαι, ἢ ὧν δέονταί τινα χρείαν ἧς μὴ τεύξονται ἄδοξοι ὄντες, καὶ οὗτοι ἢ ὁρῶντες (ὥσπερ Κυδίας περὶ τῆς Σάμου κληρουχίας ἐδημηγόρησεν· ἠξίου γὰρ ὑπολαβεῖντοὺς Ἀθηναίους περιεστάναι κύκλῳ τοὺς Ἕλληνας, ὡς ὁρῶντας καὶ μὴ μόνον ἀκουσομένους ἃ ἂν ψηφίσωνται), ἢ ἂν πλησίον ὦσιν οἱ τοιοῦτοι, ἢ μέλλωσιν αἰσθήσεσθαι· διὸ καὶ ὁρᾶσθαι ἀτυχοῦντες ὑπὸ τῶν ζηλούντων ποτὲ οὐ βούλονται· θαυμασταὶ γὰρ οἱ ζηλωταί.
And these were either those whom they admire, or those who admire them, or those by whom they wish to be admired, or those of whom they need some service which they will not obtain if they lose their reputation; and these either seeing them (just as Cydias spoke in his public speech about the allotment of land in Samos; for he asked the Athenians to assume that the Greeks were standing in a circle around them, as seeing and not only about to hear what they might vote), or if such people are near, or are about to perceive it; wherefore also they never wish to be seen by those who once envied them when they are in misfortune; for those who envy them are admirers.
§2.6.25καὶ ὅταν ἔχωσιν ἃ καταισχύνουσιν ἔργα καὶ πράγματα ἢ αὑτῶν ἢ προγόνων ἢ ἄλλων τινῶν πρὸς οὓς ὑπάρχει αὐτοῖς ἀγχιστεία τις.
And when they have deeds and actions that bring shame upon them, either of their own, or of their ancestors, or of some other persons with whom they have a relationship of kinship.
καὶ ὅλως ὑπὲρ ὧν αἰσχύνονται αὐτοί· εἰσὶ δʼ οὗτοι οἱ εἰρημένοι καὶ οἱ εἰς αὐτοὺς ἀναφερόμενοι, ἢ ὧν διδάσκαλοι ἢ σύμβουλοι γεγόνασιν, ἢ ἐὰν ὦσιν ἕτεροι ὅμοιοι πρὸς οὓς φιλοτιμοῦνται·
And in general on account of those for whom they themselves feel shame; and these are the ones mentioned, and those who relate to them, or of whom they have been teachers or advisers, or if there are others like them with whom they compete.
§2.6.26πολλὰ γὰρ αἰσχυνόμενοι διὰ τοὺς τοιούτους καὶ ποιοῦσι καὶ οὐ ποιοῦσιν.
For because they feel shame on account of such people, they both do and do not do many things.
§2.6.27καὶ μέλλοντες ὁρᾶσθαι καὶ ἐν φανερῷ ἀναστρέφεσθαι τοῖς συνειδόσιν αἰσχυντηλοὶ μᾶλλον εἰσίν·
And when they are about to be seen and to associate in public with those who know their secrets, they are more easily ashamed.
ὅθεν καὶ Ἀντιφῶν ὁ ποιητής, μέλλων ἀποτυμπανίζεσθαι ὑπὸ Διονυσίου, εἶπεν, ἰδὼν τοὺς συναποθνῄσκειν μέλλοντας ἐγκαλυπτομένους ὡς ᾔεσαν διὰ τῶν πυλῶν,
τί ἐγκαλύπτεσθε; ἔφη·
Whence also Antiphon the poet, when he was about to be executed by Dionysius, seeing those who were to die with him covering their faces as they went through the gates, said, "Why do you cover your faces?
ἦ μὴ αὔριόν τις ὑμᾶς ἴδῃ τούτων; περὶ μὲν οὖν αἰσχύνης ταῦτα· περὶ δὲ ἀναισχυντίας δῆλον ὡς ἐκ τῶν ἐναντίων εὐπορήσομεν.
Is it because you are afraid that someone of these people will see you tomorrow?" Concerning shame, then, let these things suffice; but concerning unabashedness, it is clear that we shall easily find resources from the opposites.