§2.6.1ποῖα δʼ αἰσχύνονται καὶ ἀναισχυντοῦσιν, καὶ πρὸς τίνας καὶ πῶς ἔχοντες, ἐκ τῶνδε δῆλον.
What kinds of things people are ashamed of and unabashed about, and towards whom, and in what state of mind, will be clear from the following.
§2.6.2ἔστω δὴ αἰσχύνη λύπη τις ἢ ταραχὴ περὶ τὰ εἰς ἀδοξίαν φαινόμενα φέρειν τῶν κακῶν, ἢ παρόντων ἢ γεγονότων ἢ μελλόντων, ἡ δʼ ἀναισχυντία ὀλιγωρία τις καὶ ἀπάθεια περὶ τὰ αὐτὰ ταῦτα.
Let shame, then, be a certain pain or agitation concerning those of evils which appear to lead to loss of reputation, whether present, past, or future; and unabashedness a certain slighting and indifference concerning these same things.
§2.6.3εἰ δή ἐστιν αἰσχύνη ἡ ὁρισθεῖσα, ἀνάγκη αἰσχύνεσθαι ἐπὶ τοῖς τοιούτοις τῶν κακῶν ὅσα αἰσχρὰ δοκεῖ εἶναι ἢ αὐτῷ ἢ ὧν φροντίζει· τοιαῦτα δʼ ἐστὶν ὅσα ἀπὸ κακίας ἔργα ἐστίν, οἷον τὸ ἀποβαλεῖν ἀσπίδα ἢ φυγεῖν· ἀπὸ δειλίας γάρ. καὶ τὸ ἀποστερῆσαι παρακαταθήκην· ἀπὸ ἀδικίας γάρ.
If indeed shame is what has been defined, it is necessary to feel shame at such of evils as appear to be shameful either to oneself or to those for whom one cares; and such things are all those actions which arise from vice, for example, throwing away one's shield or fleeing (for this is from cowardice), and withholding a deposit (for this is from injustice).
§2.6.4καὶ τὸ συγγενέσθαι αἷς οὐ δεῖ ἢ οὗ οὐ δεῖ ἢ ὅτε οὐ δεῖ· ἀπὸ ἀκολασίας γάρ. §2.6.5καὶ τὸ κερδαίνειν ἀπὸ μικρῶν ἢ αἰσχρῶν ἢ ἀπὸ ἀδυνάτων, οἷον πενήτων ἢ τεθνεώτων, ὅθεν καὶ ἡ παροιμία τὸ ἀπὸ νεκροῦ φέρειν· ἀπὸ αἰσχροκερδείας γὰρ καὶ ἀνελευθερίας. §2.6.6καὶ τὸ μὴ βοηθεῖν, δυνάμενον, εἰς χρήματα, ἢ ἧττον βοηθεῖν. καὶ τὸ βοηθεῖσθαι παρὰ τῶν ἧττον εὐπόρων, §2.6.7καὶ δανείζεσθαι ὅτε δόξει αἰτεῖν, καὶ αἰτεῖν ὅτε ἀπαιτεῖν, καὶ ἀπαιτεῖν ὅτε αἰτεῖν, καὶ ἐπαινεῖν ἃ δόξει αἰτεῖν, καὶ τὸ ἀποτετυχηκότα μηδὲν ἧττον· πάντα γὰρ ἀνελευθερίας ταῦτα σημεῖα,
and having sexual relations with whom one ought not, or where one ought not, or when one ought not (for this is from licentiousness); and making profit from small or shameful sources, or from the powerless, such as the poor or the dead, whence also the proverb 'to take from a corpse' (for this is from sordid greed and illiberality); and not helping with money when one is able, or helping less than one can; and being helped by those who are less well-off; and borrowing when one will seem to be begging, and begging when one should demand back, and demanding back when one should beg, and praising something in a way that will seem like begging, and doing so no less even after failing; for all these are signs of illiberality.
§2.6.8τὸ δʼ ἐπαινεῖν παρόντας κολακείας, καὶ τὸ τἀγαθὰ μὲν ὑπερεπαινεῖν τὰ δὲ φαῦλα συναλείφειν, καὶ τὸ ὑπεραλγεῖν ἀλγοῦντι παρόντα, καὶ τἆλλα πάντα ὅσα τοιαῦτα· κολακείας γὰρ σημεῖα.
And praising people to their face is a sign of flattery, as is overpraising their good qualities and glossing over their bad ones, and showing excessive grief in the presence of someone who is grieving, and all other such things; for they are signs of flattery.
§2.6.9καὶ τὸ μὴ ὑπομένειν πόνους οὓς οἱ πρεσβύτεροι ἢ τρυφῶντες ἢ ἐν ἐξουσίᾳ μᾶλλον ὄντες ἢ ὅλως οἱ ἀδυνατώτεροι· πάντα γὰρ μαλακίας σημεῖα.
And not enduring labors which older people or those who live in luxury or those in higher authority or, in general, those who are weaker endure; for all these are signs of effeminacy.
§2.6.10καὶ τὸ ὑφʼ ἑτέρου εὖ πάσχειν, καὶ τὸ πολλάκις, καὶ ὃ εὖ ἐποίησεν ὀνειδίζειν· μικροψυχίας γὰρ πάντα καὶ ταπεινότητος σημεῖα.
And receiving benefits from another, and doing so often, and reproaching someone for a benefit one has done them; for all these are signs of smallness of soul and meanness.
§2.6.11καὶ τὸ περὶ αὑτοῦ πάντα λέγειν καὶ ἐπαγγέλλεσθαι, καὶ τὸ τἀλλότρια αὑτοῦ φάσκειν· ἀλαζονείας γάρ.
And talking about oneself all the time and making professions, and claiming other people's things as one's own; for this is from boastfulness.
ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἄλλων ἑκάστης τῶν τοῦ ἤθους κακιῶν τὰ ἔργα καὶ τὰ σημεῖα καὶ τὰ ὅμοια· αἰσχρὰ γὰρ καὶ ἀναίσχυντα.
Likewise, the works and signs and similar things arising from each of the other vices of character; for they are shameful and shameless.
§2.6.12καὶ ἐπὶ τούτοις τὸ τῶν καλῶν ὧν πάντες μετέχουσιν, ἢ οἱ ὅμοιοι πάντες ἢ οἱ πλεῖστοι, μὴ μετέχειν—ὁμοίους δὲ λέγω ὁμοεθνεῖς, πολίτας, ἡλικιώτας, συγγενεῖς, ὅλως τοὺς ἐξ ἴσου—αἰσχρὸν γὰρ ἤδη τὸ μὴ μετέχειν οἷον παιδεύσεως ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον, καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὁμοίως.
And in addition to these, not to share in the good things which everyone, or all equals, or most of them, share in (and by equals I mean fellow-countrymen, citizens, contemporaries, relatives, and in general those on an equal footing); for it is already shameful not to share in, for example, education to a certain degree, and in other things likewise.
πάντα δὲ ταῦτα μᾶλλον, ἂν διʼ ἑαυτὸν φαίνηται· οὕτω γὰρ ἤδη ἀπὸ κακίας μᾶλλον, ἂν αὐτὸς ᾖ αἴτιος τῶν ὑπαρξάντων ἢ ὑπαρχόντων ἢ μελλόντων.
And all these things are more so if it appears to be through oneself; for thus they are already more from vice, if one is oneself the cause of past, present, or future disadvantages.
§2.6.13πάσχοντες δὲ ἢ πεπονθότες ἢ πεισόμενοι τὰ τοιαῦτα αἰσχύνονται ὅσα εἰς ἀτιμίαν φέρει καὶ ὀνείδη· ταῦτα δʼ ἐστὶ τὰ εἰς ὑπηρετήσεις ἢ σώματος ἢ ἔργων αἰσχρῶν, ὧν ἐστιν τὸ ὑβρίζεσθαι.
And in suffering, having suffered, or being about to suffer such things as bring dishonor and reproach, people feel shame; and these are things that lead to submission of the body or to shameful deeds, among which is being outraged.
καὶ τὰ μὲν εἰς ἀκολασίαν καὶ ἑκόντα καὶ ἄκοντα, τὰ δʼ εἰς βίαν ἄκοντα· ἀπὸ ἀνανδρίας γὰρ ἢ δειλίας ἡ ὑπομονὴ καὶ τὸ μὴ ἀμύνεσθαι.
And some of these pertain to licentiousness, whether voluntary or involuntary, and others to violence, being involuntary; for enduring them and not defending oneself is from unmanliness or cowardice.
ἃ μὲν οὖν αἰσχύνονται, ταῦτʼ ἐστὶ καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα·
These, then, and such as these are the things about which people feel shame.
§2.6.14ἐπεὶ δὲ περὶ ἀδοξίας φαντασία ἐστὶν ἡ αἰσχύνη, καὶ ταύτης αὐτῆς χάριν ἀλλὰ μὴ τῶν ἀποβαινόντων, οὐδεὶς δὲ τῆς δόξης φροντίζει ἀλλʼ ἢ διὰ τοὺς δοξάζοντας, ἀνάγκη τούτους αἰσχύνεσθαι ὧν λόγον ἔχει·
Since shame is a mental image concerning loss of reputation, and for its own sake rather than for its consequences, and since no one cares about reputation except on account of those who form opinions, it is necessary to feel shame before those for whom one has regard.
§2.6.15λόγον δὲ ἔχει τῶν θαυμαζόντων, καὶ οὓς θαυμάζει, καὶ ὑφʼ ὧν βούλεται θαυμάζεσθαι, καὶ πρὸς οὓς φιλοτιμεῖται, καὶ ὧν μὴ καταφρονεῖ τῆς δόξης·
And one has regard for those who admire them, and those whom they admire, and those by whom they wish to be admired, and those with whom they compete, and those whose opinion they do not despise.
§2.6.16θαυμάζεσθαι μὲν οὖν βούλονται ὑπὸ τούτων καὶ θαυμάζουσι τούτους ὅσοι τι ἔχουσιν ἀγαθὸν τῶν τιμίων, ἢ παρʼ ὧν τυγχάνουσιν δεόμενοι σφόδρα τινὸς ὧν ἐκεῖνοι κύριοι, οἷον οἱ ἐρῶντες·
Now they wish to be admired by, and they admire, those who possess some of the valued goods, or those from whom they happen to be in great need of something which the latter have in their power to give, as, for example, lovers.