§2.10.1δῆλον δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τίσι φθονοῦσι καὶ τίσι καὶ πῶς ἔχοντες, εἴπερ ἐστὶν ὁ φθόνος λύπη τις ἐπὶ εὐπραγίᾳ φαινομένῃ τῶν εἰρημένων ἀγαθῶν περὶ τοὺς ὁμοίους, μὴ ἵνα τι αὑτῷ, ἀλλὰ διʼ ἐκείνους· φθονήσουσι μὲν γὰρ οἱ τοιοῦτοι οἷς εἰσί τινες ὅμοιοι ἢ φαίνονται·
It is also clear at what things people feel envy, and toward whom, and in what state of mind, if indeed envy is a certain pain at the apparent prosperity of the aforementioned goods in the case of their equals, not in order to get something for themselves, but because of those others; for such people will feel envy toward those to whom they have some equals, or seem to have.
§2.10.2ὁμοίους δὲ λέγω κατὰ γένος, κατὰ συγγένειαν, καθʼ ἡλικίας, κατὰ ἕξεις, κατὰ δόξαν, κατὰ τὰ ὑπάρχοντα.
And I mean by "equals" those who are equal in birth, in relationship, in age, in character, in reputation, in possessions.
καὶ οἷς μικρὸν ἐλλείπει τοῦ μὴ πάντα ὑπάρχειν (διὸ οἱ μεγάλα πράττοντες καὶ οἱ εὐτυχοῦντες φθονεροί εἰσιν)· πάντας γὰρ οἴονται τὰ αὑτῶν φέρειν.
And those who lack little of possessing everything (wherefore those who perform great deeds and those who are fortunate are envious); for they think everyone is carrying off what is their own.
§2.10.3καὶ οἱ τιμώμενοι ἐπί τινι διαφερόντως, καὶ μάλιστα ἐπὶ σοφίᾳ ἢ εὐδαιμονίᾳ.
And those who are honored for something outstandingly, and especially for wisdom or happiness.
καὶ οἱ φιλότιμοι φθονερώτεροι τῶν ἀφιλοτίμων.
And the ambitious are more envious than the unambitious.
καὶ οἱ δοξόσοφοι· φιλότιμοι γὰρ ἐπὶ σοφίᾳ.
And those who pretend to wisdom; for they are ambitious about wisdom.
καὶ ὅλως οἱ φιλόδοξοι περί τι φθονεροὶ περὶ τοῦτο.
And in general, those who love fame in some field are envious in that field.
καὶ οἱ μικρόψυχοι· πάντα γὰρ μεγάλα δοκεῖ αὐτοῖς εἶναι.
And the small-souled; for everything seems great to them.
§2.10.4ἐφʼ οἷς δὲ φθονοῦσι, τὰ μὲν ἀγαθὰ εἴρηται· ἐφʼ οἷς γὰρ φιλοδοξοῦσι καὶ φιλοτιμοῦνται ἔργοις ἢ κτήμασι καὶ ὀρέγονται δόξης, καὶ ὅσα εὐτυχήματά ἐστιν, σχεδὸν περὶ πάντα φθόνος ἔστι, καὶ μάλισταὧν αὐτοὶ ἢ ὀρέγονται ἢ οἴονται δεῖν αὑτοὺς ἔχειν, ἢ ὧν τῇ κτήσει μικρῷ ὑπερέχουσιν ἢ μικρῷ ἐλλείπουσιν.
As to the things they envy, the goods have been mentioned; for about almost all the deeds or possessions for which they love fame and are ambitious and desire reputation, and whatever are pieces of good fortune, there is envy, and especially of those things which they themselves either desire or think they ought to have, or in the possession of which they are either slightly superior or slightly inferior.
§2.10.5φανερὸν δὲ καὶ οἷς φθονοῦσιν· ἅμα γὰρ εἴρηται· τοῖς γὰρ ἐγγὺς καὶ χρόνῳ καὶ τόπῳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ δόξῃ φθονοῦσιν· ὅθεν εἴρηται
"
τὸ συγγενὲς γὰρ καὶ φθονεῖν ἐπίσταται. "
καὶ πρὸς οὓς φιλοτιμοῦνται· φιλοτιμοῦνται γὰρ πρὸς τοὺς εἰρημένους, πρὸς δὲ τοὺς μυριοστὸν ἔτος ὄντας ἢ πρὸς τοὺς ἐσομένους ἢ τεθνεῶτας οὐδείς, οὐδὲ πρὸς τοὺς ἐφʼ Ἡρακλείαις στήλαις.
It is also clear toward whom they feel envy; for it has been mentioned at the same time; for they envy those who are near to them in time, place, age, and reputation; whence it is said: "For kinship also knows how to envy." And they envy those with whom they compete; for they compete with the aforementioned, but no one competes with those who lived ten thousand years ago, or with those to come, or with the dead, nor with those who dwell at the Pillars of Hercules.
οὐδʼ ὧν πολὺ οἴονται παρʼ αὐτοῖς ἢ παρὰ τοῖς ἄλλοις λείπεσθαι, οὐδʼ ὧν πολὺ ὑπερέχειν, ὡσαύτως καὶ ρὸς τούτους καὶ περὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα.
Nor indeed do they compete with those whom they think themselves to fall far short of, either in their own estimation or in that of others, nor with those whom they far surpass, and likewise also toward these and concerning such things.
§2.10.6ἐπεὶ δὲ πρὸς τοὺς ἀνταγωνιστὰς καὶ ἀντεραστὰς καὶ ὅλως τοὺς τῶν αὐτῶν ἐφιεμένους φιλοτιμοῦνται, ἀνάγκη μάλιστα τούτοις φθονεῖν, διόπερ εἴρηται
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καὶ κεραμεὺς κεραμεῖ. " §2.10.8καὶ ὧν ἢ κεκτημένων ἢ κατορθούντων ὄνειδος αὐτοῖς (εἰσὶν δὲ καὶ οὗτοι οἱ ἐγγὺς καὶ ὅμοιοι)· δῆλον γὰρ ὅτι παρʼ αὐτοὺς οὐ τυγχάνουσι τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ, ὥστε τοῦτο λυποῦν ποιεῖ τὸν φθόνον.
And since they compete with competitors, rivals in love, and in general those who desire the same things, it is necessary to feel envy most toward these, wherefore it is said: "And potter with potter." And those whose possession of things or whose success is a reproach to them (and these are also those who are near and equal); for it is clear that because of them they do not obtain the good, so that this, by causing pain, produces envy.
§2.10.9καὶ τοῖς ἢ ἔχουσι ταῦτα ἢ κεκτημένοις ὅσα αὐτοῖς προσῆκεν ἢ ἐκέκτηντό ποτε· διὸ πρεσβύτεροί τε νεωτέροις
And toward those who either have or have acquired those things which belonged to themselves or which they once possessed; wherefore older men envy younger men.
§2.10.10καὶ οἱ πολλὰ δαπανήσαντες εἰς ταὐτὸ τοῖς ὀλίγα φθονοῦσιν.
And those who have spent much on the same object envy those who have spent little.
§2.10.7καὶ τοῖς ταχὺ οἱ ἢ μόλις τυχόντες ἢ μὴ τυχόντες φθονοῦσιν.
And those who obtain something with difficulty or not at all envy those who obtain it quickly.
§2.10.11δῆλον δὲ καὶ ἐφʼ οἷς χαίρουσιν οἱ τοιοῦτοι καὶ ἐπὶ τίσι καὶ πῶς ἔχοντες· ὡς γὰρ ἔχοντες λυποῦνται, οὕτως ἔχοντες ἐπὶ τοῖς ἐναντίοις ἡσθήσονται.
And it is also clear in what things such people rejoice, and toward whom, and in what state of mind; for as they feel pain in a certain state, so in the same state they will feel pleasure in the opposites.
ὥστε ἂν αὐτοὶ μὲν παρασκευασθῶσιν οὕτως ἔχειν, οἱ δʼ ἐλεεῖσθαι ἢ τυγχάνειν τινὸς ἀγαθοῦ ἀξιοῦντες ὦσιν οἷοι οἱ εἰρημένοι, δῆλον ὡς οὐ τεύξονται ἐλέου παρὰ τῶν κυρίων.
So that if they themselves are prepared to be in this state, and those who claim to be pitied or to obtain some good are such as have been described, it is clear that they will not obtain pity from those who have authority.