§9Ἐπεὶ δὲ τῶν ζῴων τὰ μὲν ἔνυδρα, τὰ δ’ ἐν τῇ γῇ ποιεῖται τὴν διατριβήν, τούτων τοῖς μὲν μικροῖς πάμπαν καὶ τοῖς ἀναίμοις ἡ γινομένη ἐκ τοῦ περιέχοντος ἢ ὕδατος ἢ ἀέρος ψύξις ἱκανὴ πρὸς τὴν βοήθειαν τῆς φθορᾶς ταύτης· μικρὸν γὰρ ἔχοντα τὸ θερμὸν μικρᾶς δέονται τῆς βοηθείας.
But since of animals some make their stay in the water, and others on the land, of these, for those that are altogether small and bloodless, the cooling that comes from the surrounding environment, whether water or air, is sufficient to help against this destruction; for having little heat, they need little help.
Διὸ καὶ βραχύβια σχεδὸν πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτ’ ἐστίν· ἐπ’ ἀμφότερα γὰρ μικρᾶς ὄντα τυγχάνει ῥοπῆς.
Therefore almost all such animals are short-lived; for they happen to be of small weight in either direction.
Ὅσα δὲ μακροβιώτερα τῶν ἐντόμων (ἄναιμα γάρ ἐστι πάντα τὰ ἔντομα), τούτοις ὑπὸ τὸ διάζωμα διέσχισται, ὅπως διὰ λεπτοτέρου ὄντος τοῦ ὑμένος ψύχηται· μᾶλλον γὰρ ὄντα θερμὰ πλείονος δεῖται τῆς καταψύξεως, οἷον αἱ μέλιτται (τῶν γὰρ μελιττῶν ἔνιαι ζῶσι καὶ ἑπτὰ ἔτη) καὶ τἆλλα δὲ ὅσα βομβεῖ, οἷον σφῆκες καὶ μηλολόνθαι καὶ τέττιγες.
But as many of the insects (for all insects are bloodless) as are longer-lived, in these the part under the waist-segment is cleft, so that they may be cooled by the membrane being thinner; for being hotter, they need more cooling, such as bees (for some of the bees live even seven years) and all the other things that buzz, such as wasps, chafers, and cicadas.
Καὶ γὰρ τὸν ψόφον ποιοῦσι πνεύματι, οἷον ἀσθμαίνοντα· ἐν αὐτῷ γὰρ τῷ ὑποζώματι, τῷ ἐμφύτῳ πνεύματι αἴροντι καὶ συνίζοντι, συμβαίνει πρὸς τὸν ὑμένα γίνεσθαι τρίψιν· κινοῦσι γὰρ τὸν τόπον τοῦτον, ὥσπερ τὰ ἀναπνέοντα ἔξωθεν τῷ πλεύμονι καὶ οἱ ἰχθύες τοῖς βραγχίοις.
For they also produce the sound with breath, as if panting; for in the waist-segment itself, because the innate breath rises and sinks, a friction happens to occur against the membrane; for they move this region, just as those that breathe do with the lung from without, and fish with their gills.
Παραπλήσιον γὰρ συμβαίνει κἂν εἴ τίς τινα τῶν ἀναπνεόντων πνίγοι, τὸ στόμα κατασχών· καὶ γὰρ ταῦτα ποιήσει τῷ πλεύμονι τὴν ἄρσιν ταύτην.
For a similar thing happens even if one should choke one of those that breathe, holding its mouth; for these too will make this rising with the lung.
Ἀλλὰ τούτοις μὲν οὐχ ἱκανὴν ἡ τοιαύτη ποιεῖ κίνησις κατάψυξιν, ἐκείνοις δ’ ἱκανήν.
But for the former, such motion does not produce sufficient cooling, but for the latter it is sufficient.
Καὶ τῇ τρίψει τῇ πρὸς τὸν ὑμένα ποιοῦσι τὸν βόμβον, ὥσπερ λέγομεν, οἷον διὰ τῶν καλάμων τῶν τετρυπημένων τὰ παιδία, ὅταν ἐπιθῶσιν ὑμένα λεπτόν.
And by the friction against the membrane they make the buzz, just as we say, like children with pierced reeds when they put a thin membrane over them.
Διὰ γὰρ τοῦτο καὶ τῶν τεττίγων οἱ ᾄδοντες ᾄδουσιν· θερμότεροι γάρ εἰσι, καὶ ἔσχισται αὐτοῖς ὑπὸ τὸ ὑπόζωμα· τοῖς δὲ μὴ ᾄδουσι τοῦτ’ ἐστὶν ἄσχιστον.
For this reason, too, those of the cicadas that sing do sing; for they are hotter, and they have the part under the waist-segment cleft; but for those that do not sing, this is uncleft.
Καὶ τῶν ἐναίμων δὲ καὶ πλεύμονα ἐχόντων, ὀλίγαιμον δ’ ἐχόντων καὶ σομφόν, ἔνια διὰ τοῦτο πολὺν χρόνον δύνανται ἀπνευστὶ ζῆν, ὅτι ὁ πλεύμων ἄρσιν ἔχει πολλήν, ὀλίγον ἔχων τὸ αἷμα καὶ τὸ ὑγρόν· ἡ γὰρ οἰκεία κίνησις ἐπὶ πολὺν χρόνον διαρκεῖ καταψύχουσα.
And among red-blooded animals that have a lung, but one that is bloodless and spongy, some are able for this reason to live for a long time without breathing, because the lung has a great rising, having little blood and moisture; for its own motion is sufficient for cooling for a long time.
Τέλος δ’ οὐ δύναται, ἀλλ’ ἀποπνίγεται μὴ ἀναπνεύσαντα, καθάπερ εἴρηται καὶ πρότερον· τῆς γὰρ μαράνσεως ἡ διὰ τὸ μὴ ψύχεσθαι φθορὰ καλεῖται πνίξις, καὶ τὰ οὕτω φθειρόμενα ἀποπνίγεσθαί φαμεν.
But in the end they cannot, but are choked if they do not breathe, as has been said before; for the destruction of exhaustion due to not being cooled is called choking, and we say that those destroyed in this way are choked.
Ὅτι δ’ οὐκ ἀναπνεῖ τὰ ἔντομα τῶν ζῴων, εἴρηται μὲν καὶ πρότερον, φανερὸν δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν μικρῶν ἐστὶ ζῴων, οἷον μυιῶν καὶ μελιττῶν· ἐν γὰρ τοῖς ὑγροῖς πολὺν χρόνον ἀνανήχεται, ἂν μὴ λίαν ᾖ θερμὸν ἢ ψυχρόν.
And that insects do not breathe has been said before, and is also clear in the case of small animals, such as flies and bees; for they swim about in liquids for a long time, if it is not excessively hot or cold.
Καίτοι τὰ μικρὰν ἔχοντα δύναμιν πυκνότερον ζητεῖ ἀναπνεῖν.
And yet, those that have little power seek to breathe more frequently.
Ἀλλὰ φθείρεται ταῦτα καὶ λέγεται ἀποπνίγεσθαι πληρουμένης τῆς κοιλίας καὶ φθειρομένου τοῦ ἐν τῷ ὑποζώματι ὑγροῦ.
But they are destroyed and said to be choked when the cavity is filled and the liquid in the waist-segment is destroyed.
Διὸ καὶ ἐν τῇ τέφρᾳ χρονισθέντα ἀνίσταται.
Wherefore also when kept for some time in ashes they revive.
Καὶ τῶν ἐν τῷ ὑγρῷ δὲ ζώντων ὅσα ἄναιμα, πλείω χρόνον ζῇ ἐν τῷ ἀέρι τῶν ἐναίμων καὶ δεχομένων τὴν θάλατταν, οἷον τῶν ἰχθύων· διὰ γὰρ τὸ ὀλίγον ἔχειν τὸ θερμὸν ὁ ἀὴρ ἱκανός ἐστιν ἐπὶ πολὺν χρόνον καταψύχειν, οἷον τοῖς τε μαλακοστράκοις καὶ τοῖς πολύποσιν.
And of those living in the liquid, such as are bloodless live for a longer time in the air than those that have blood and receive the sea, such as fish; for because of having little heat, the air is sufficient to cool them for a long time, as in the case of both crustaceans and octopuses.
Οὐ μὴν εἰς τέλος γε διαρκεῖ πρὸς τὸ ζῆν, διὰ τὸ ὀλιγόθερμα εἶναι, ἐπεὶ καὶ τῶν ἰχθύων οἱ πολλοὶ ζῶσιν ἐν τῇ γῇ, ἀκινητίζοντες μέντοι, καὶ εὑρίσκονται ὀρυττόμενοι.
It does not, however, suffice to the end for living, because they have little heat, since even many of the fish live in the earth, remaining motionless indeed, and are found when dug up.
Ὅσα γὰρ ἢ μηδ’ ὅλως ἔχει πλεύμονα ἢ ἄναιμον, ἐλαττονάκις δεῖται καταψύξεως.
For those that either do not have a lung at all or are bloodless need cooling less frequently.