§8.18Διὰ τί πονοῦσιν, ὅταν ῥιγῶντας πρὸς τὸ πῦρ φέρωσιν· ὅταν δὲ κατὰ μικρὸν χλιαίνωσιν, οὔ;
Why do they feel pain when they bring those who are shivering to the fire; but when they warm them up gradually, they do not?
ἢ ὅτι ὅλως ἐκ τῶν ἐναντίων τοὐναντίον γινόμενον μεγάλην ποιεῖ τὴν μεταβολήν;
Or is it because, in general, a change from opposites to the opposite produces a great change?
ὥσπερ ἐπὶ τῶν δένδρων, εἰ μὲν κατὰ μικρὸν κάμπτοι τις, οὐκ ἂν πονοῖ, εἰ δὲ σφοδρότερον καὶ μὴ κατὰ μικρόν, κλῶνται.
Just as in the case of trees, if one should bend them gradually, they would not suffer damage, but if more violently and not gradually, they are broken.
εἰ οὖν τὸ ὅμοιον ὑπὸ τοῦ ὁμοίου ἀπαθές, τὸ δὲ θερμὸν τοῦ ῥιγῶντος εἴσω συνίσταται καὶ συνέρχεται, τὸ δὲ ὑγρὸν καταλείπεται καὶ τὸ ψυχρόν, τὸ δὲ ἐναντίον τοῦ ἐναντίου φθαρτικόν· ὥστε ἐὰν μὲν χλιαίνῃ, κατὰ μικρὸν ἐξέρχεται τὸ θερμὸν καὶ ἧττον πονεῖ, ἐὰν δὲ μὴ ἀναχλιάνῃ, προσάγει μᾶλλον.
If, therefore, like is unaffected by like, and the heat of the shivering person is concentrated and gathered inside, while the moisture and the cold are left outside, and the opposite is destructive of the opposite; so that if one warms them gradually, the heat goes out gradually and it hurts less, but if one does not warm them up gradually, it approaches more violently.
§8.19Διὰ τί ψυχθέντες μᾶλλον ἀπὸ τῆς αὐτῆς θερμασίας καιόμεθα καὶ ἀλγοῦμεν;
Why, after being cooled, do we feel more burned and experience pain from the same heat?
πότερον διὰ πυκνότητα στέγει ἡ σὰρξ τὸ προσπῖπτον θερμόν;
Is it because the flesh, due to its density, retains the impinging heat?
διὸ μόλιβος ἐρίου θερμότερος.
Wherefore lead is hotter than wool.
ἢ βίαιος γίνεται τοῦ θερμοῦ ἡ δίοδος διὰ τὸ πεπηγέναι ὑπὸ τοῦ ψύχους τοὺς πόρους.
Or does the passage of the heat become violent because the pores have been congealed by the cold?
§8.20Διὰ τί οἱ ὀργιζόμενοι οὐ ῥιγῶσιν;
Why do those who are angry not shiver?
ἢ ὅτι ἡ ὀργὴ τῇ δειλίᾳ ἐναντίον καὶ ὁ θυμός;
Or is it because anger and rage are the opposite of cowardice?
ἔστι δὲ ἡ μὲν ὀργὴ ἀπὸ τοῦ πυρός· πολὺ γὰρ τὸ πῦρ κατέχοντες εἴσω χλιαίνονται.
And anger is from fire; for holding much fire inside, they are warmed.
μάλιστα δ’ ἔστιν ἐπὶ τῶν παιδίων καταμαθεῖν.
And this can be observed especially in children.
οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἄνδρες βλάπτονται, τὰ δὲ παιδία πρῶτον μὲν τὸ πνεῦμα πολὺ ἀναλαμβάνουσιν, εἶτα ἐρυθριῶσιν· πολὺ γὰρ εἴσω ὂν τὸ θερμὸν καὶ ἐξυγραῖνον ἐρυθριᾶν ποιεῖ, ἐπεὶ εἴ τις αὐτοῖς πολὺ τοῦ ψυχροῦ προσχέοι, παύσοιντ’ ἂν ὀργιζόμενοι· κατασβεσθείη γὰρ ἂν αὐτῶν τὸ θερμόν.
For men are harmed, but children first take in much breath, and then turn red; for the heat, being abundant inside and moistening them, makes them turn red, since if someone were to pour much cold on them, they would stop being angry; for their heat would be quenched.
οἱ δὲ δειλοὶ καὶ φοβούμενο τοὐναντίον. ῥιγῶσίν τε γὰρ καὶ ψυχροὶ καὶ ὠχροὶ γίνονται ἐκλείπει γὰρ τὸ θερμὸν αὐτοῖς ἐκ τῶν ἐπιπολῆς τόπων.
But cowards and those who are afraid are the opposite; for they shiver, and become cold and pale; for the heat leaves them from the superficial places.
§8.21Διὰ τί, ὅταν φρίξωμεν, αἱ τρίχες ὀρθαὶ ἵστανται;
Why, when we shiver, do the hairs stand upright?
ἢ διὰ τὸ ἐν ὑγρῷ πεφυκέναι κατακεκλεῖσθαι;
Is it because they are naturally enclosed in moisture?
κρατεῖ γὰρ τοῦ ὑγροῦ τὸ βάθος τῆς τριχός.
For the depth of the hair holds the moisture.
ἡ δὲ φρίκη γίνεται ὑπὸ τοῦ ψυχροῦ, τὸ δὲ ψῦχος κατὰ φύσιν πήγνυσι τὸ ὑγρόν.
And the shiver is caused by the cold, and the cold naturally congeals the moisture.
ὅταν οὖν μεταβάλλῃ τὸ ὑγρόν, ἐξ οὗ πεφύκασιν αἱ τρίχες, καὶ παγῇ, μεταβάλλειν εἰκὸς καὶ τὰς τρίχας.
When, therefore, the moisture from which the hairs grow changes and congeals, it is natural that the hairs also change.
εἰς μὲν οὖν τοὐναντίον εἰ μεταβάλλουσιν, ἢ ἐν ταὐτῷ μένουσιν, ἢ ἐπικρατήσει πάλιν ἡ θρὶξ τοῦ ὑγροῦ· οὐκ εἰκὸς δὲ πεπηγότος καὶ πεπυκνωμένου τοῦ ὑγροῦ τὴν τρίχα τῷ βάρει κρατεῖν.
If, then, they change to the opposite, or remain in the same state, or if the hair again overcomes the moisture—but it is not likely that, when the moisture is congealed and condensed, the hair overcomes it by its weight.
εἰ δὲ μηδαμόσε κεκλίσθαι δυνατὸν τὴν τρίχα τῷ τὸ ὑγρὸν πεπηγέναι, λείπεται ἑστάναι ὀρθήν.
But if it is impossible for the hair to bend in any direction because the moisture is congealed, it remains for it to stand upright.
ἢ διότι ὑπὸ τῆς καταψύξεως τὸ θερμὸν εἰς τὸν ἐντὸς τόπον ἀθροίζεται, ἐκλείποντος δὲ ἐκ τῆς σαρκὸς τοῦ θερμοῦ συνίσταται μᾶλλον ἡ σάρξ, συναγομένης δὲ ὀρθότεραι αἱ τρίχες γίνονται, καθάπερ ἐάν τις εἰς τὴν γῆν ἐμπήξας κάρφος ἢ ἄλλο τι συσσάττῃ καὶ πάντοθεν συνάγῃ τὴν γῆν, μᾶλλον ὀρθοῦται ἢ ἐὰν ἐᾷ μὴ συνεστηκυῖαν.
Or is it because, from the chilling, the heat gathers into the internal region, and when heat leaves the flesh, the flesh contracts more, and as it is drawn together, the hairs become more upright, just as if someone, having stuck a straw or something else into the earth, packs it down and draws the earth together from all sides, it is straightened more than if he leaves it loose.
§8.22Διὰ τί οἱ ῥιγῶντες μάλιστα οὐ καθεύδουσιν;
Why do those who are shivering most of all not sleep?
ἢ διότι ὁ ῥιγῶν μᾶλλον κατέχει τὸ πνεῦμα ἢ ἐκπνεῖ, ὁ δὲ καθεύδων ἐκπνεῖ ἢ εἰσπνεῖ;
Or is it because the shivering person holds in their breath rather than exhales, whereas the sleeping person exhales or inhales?
ἐναντίως οὖν ποιεῖ ἔχειν τὸ ῥῖγος τῷ καθεύδειν.
Shivering, therefore, produces a state contrary to sleeping.