§8.10Διὰ τί οἱ γεγυμνασμένοι δυσριγότεροι τῶν ἀγυμνάστων;
Why are those who have exercised more susceptible to cold than those who have not?
πότερον ὅτι τὸ πῖον ὑπὸ τῶν πόνων ἐξῄρηται, τοῦτο δὲ ἀλέαν παρέχει· θερμὸν γὰρ τὸ λιπαρόν.
Is it because fat has been removed by their labors, and this provides warmth; for oily substance is warm.
ἢ ὅτι εὐπνούστερα τὰ σώματα καὶ ἀραιότερα διὰ τὸ τὸ πῖον καὶ τὸ περίττωμα ἐξῃρῆσθαι, ὥστε οὐδὲν ἀποστέγειν τὸ ψῦχος;
Or is it because their bodies are better ventilated and more porous, because fat and residue have been removed, so that nothing keeps out the cold?
ἢ διὰ τὴν τῶν πόρων ἀποστόμωσιν τοῖς ἱδρῶσιν οἷον πολλαὶ θύραι ἐξῄρηνται;
Or because, through the opening of the pores by sweats, they are as it were opened like many doors?
φανερὸν δὲ ὅτι οὐχ ἡ αὐτὴ ἕξις πρὸς ὑγείαν καὶ ἰσχὺν συμφέρει· ἡ μὲν 〈γὰρ〉 πίων, ἡ δὲ ἀραιὰ φαίνεται οὖσα.
It is clear, however, that the same bodily state is not advantageous for health and strength; for the one seems to be fat, and the other porous.
§8.11Διὰ τί φρίττουσι καὶ τῷ θερμῷ καὶ τῷ ψυχρῷ προσχεόμενοι;
Why do they shiver when poured over both with hot and with cold?
ἄτοπον γὰρ τὰ ἐναντία τοῦ αὐτοῦ εἶναι αἴτια.
For it is strange that opposites should be causes of the same thing.
ἢ διότι ὑπὸ μὲν τοῦ ψυχροῦ προσχεόμενοι τὸ ἐντὸς θερμὸν σβεννύμενον ποιεῖ τὴν φρίκην, ὑπὸ δὲ τοῦ θερμοῦ τὸ ἐκτὸς ψυχρὸν ἀντιπεριιστάμενον εἰς ἓν καὶ ἀθροιζόμενον τῇ φυγῇ ἔσω;
Or is it because, when poured over by the cold, the internal heat being quenched produces the shiver, but when poured over by the hot, the external cold, being repelled, concentrates into one and gathers by fleeing inward?
ὥστε ὑπὸ τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἄμφω γίνεται, ἀλλ’ ὁτὲ μὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ ἔσω, ὁτὲ δὲ ὑπὸ τοῦ ἔξωθεν.
So that both are caused by the same thing, but sometimes by the internal, and sometimes by the external.
§8.12Διὰ τί φρίττουσιν αἱ τρίχες ἐν τῷ δέρματι;
Why do the hairs on the skin stand on end?
ἢ ὅταν συσπάσωσι τὸ δέρμα, εἰκότως ἐξανέστησαν·
Or is it that when they contract the skin, they naturally stand up?
συσπῶσι δὲ καὶ ὑπὸ ῥίγους καὶ ὑπ’ ἄλλων παθῶν.
And they contract both under cold and under other passions.
§8.13Διὰ τί ἐν τῇ τελευταίᾳ προέσει τοῦ οὔρου φρίττομεν;
Why do we shiver at the final discharge of urine?
ἢ ὅτι ἐνόντος μὲν τοῦ ὑγροῦ θερμοῦ πλήρεις ἥ τε κύστις καὶ οἱ περὶ αὐτὴν πόροι, ἐξελθόντος δὲ ἀέρος ψυχροῦ ἐνέπλησεν·
Or is it because, while the warm liquid is inside, both the bladder and the passages around it are full, but when it has gone out, cold air fills them?
οὐδὲν γὰρ κενὸν δεῖ εἶναι, ἀλλ’ ἢ ἀέρος ἢ σώματος πλῆρες.
For nothing must be empty, but full either of air or of body.
ἅτε οὖν εἰσεληλυθότος ψυχροῦ ἀέρος εἰκότως φρίττειν συμβαίνει.
Since, therefore, cold air has entered, it naturally happens that we shiver.
§8.14Διὰ τί τῶν ῥιγώντων ἡ γλῶττα, καθάπερ τῶν μεθυόντων, πταίει;
Why does the tongue of those who shiver, just like that of those who are drunk, stumble?
πότερον ὑπὸ τοῦ ψύχους πηγνυμένη καὶ σκληρυνομένη δυσκίνητος γίνεται, τούτου δὲ συμβαίνοντος οὐ δύναται σαφηνίζειν;
Is it because it is congealed and hardened by the cold, and so becomes difficult to move, and when this happens, it cannot speak clearly?
ἢ τῶν ἐκτὸς πυκνουμένων διὰ τὸ ψῦχος εἴσω συρρυὲν τὸ ὑγρὸν ἐξυγραίνει τὴν γλῶτταν, διόπερ οὐ δύναται ἡ γλῶττα τὸ αὑτῆς ποιεῖν, καθάπερ εἴρηται καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν μεθυόντων.
Or because, when the outer parts are condensed by the cold, the moisture flowing inward overly moistens the tongue, wherefore the tongue cannot perform its own function, just as has been said also in the case of those who are drunk?
ἢ διὰ τὸν ἀπὸ τοῦ ῥίγους τρόμον ἀτάκτου τῆς κινήσεως οὔσης οὐ δύναται τὰ λεγόμενα διαρθροῦν ἡ γλῶττα· διόπερ καὶ πταίει.
Or because of the trembling from the cold, the movement being disordered, the tongue cannot articulate what is said, wherefore it also stumbles?
§8.15Διὰ τί τῶν ῥιγώντων ὀρθαὶ αἱ ἐν τῷ σώματι τρίχες γίνονται;
Why do the hairs on the body of those who shiver stand upright?
ἢ διότι ἀπὸ τῆς καταψύξεως τὸ θερμὸν εἰς τὸν ἐντὸς τόπον ἀθροίζεται, ἐκλείποντος δ’ ἐκ τῆς σαρκὸς τοῦ θερμοῦ συνίσταται μᾶλλον, συναγομένης δὲ ὀρθότεραι αἱ τρίχες γίνονται.
Or is it because, from the chilling, the heat gathers into the internal region, and when heat leaves the flesh, it contracts more, and as it is drawn together, the hairs become more upright?
ἢ διότι. . .
Or because...
§8.16Διὰ τί τοῦ χειμῶνος τρέχοντες μᾶλλον ῥιγῶμεν ἢ ἑστῶτες;
Why do we shiver more when running in winter than when standing?
ἢ ὅτι ὁ ἀὴρ ὁ περὶ τὸ σῶμα ἑστώτων μέν, ἐπειδὰν ἅπαξ συνθερμανθῇ, οὐκέτι ἐνοχλεῖ, τρεχόντων δὲ ἀεὶ ἄλλος καὶ ἄλλος προσπίπτει ψυχρὸς ὤν, διόπερ μᾶλλον ῥιγῶμεν;
Or is it because the air around the body, when we are standing, once it is warmed up, no longer troubles us, but when we are running, different cold air constantly strikes us, wherefore we shiver more?
ἔτι δὲ καὶ κινούμενος ψυχρότερος γίνεται ὁ ἀήρ· τοῦτο δὲ ἐν τῷ τρέχειν μάλιστα συμπίπτει.
Moreover, the air also becomes colder when in motion; and this happens most of all when running.
§8.17Διὰ τί ὑποφαύσκοντος μᾶλλον ψῦχος [ἢ] ἐγγυτέρω τοῦ ἡλίου ὄντος;
Why is there more cold at dawn, when the sun is nearer [than when it is further]?
ἢ ὅτι πλείων 〈ὁ〉 χρόνος τῆς τοῦ ἡλίου ἀπουσίας, ὥστε μᾶλλον ἀπέψυκται ἡ γῆ;
Or is it because the time of the sun's absence has been longer, so that the earth has been cooled down more?
ἢ ὅτι πρὸς ἡμέραν ἡ δρόσος πίπτει ὥσπερ πάχνη, ταῦτα δὲ ψυχρά;
Or because towards daybreak the dew falls like hoarfrost, and these are cold?
ἢ καὶ ταῦτα πίπτει διὰ τὸ κρατεῖσθαι τὸ ἀναφερόμενον θερμόν, κρατεῖται δὲ διὰ τὴν τοῦ ἡλίου ἀπουσίαν· διὸ καὶ πλεῖον μὲν ἀπέχοντος οὐ πίπτει, ἐγγυτέρω δὲ ὄντος πίπτει καὶ πήγνυται· διότι μᾶλλον ἀπέψυκται ὁ τόπος, πλείω χρόνον τοῦ ἡλίου ἀπόντος.
Or also these fall because the heat carried upward is overcome, and it is overcome because of the sun's absence; wherefore when it is further away it does not fall, but when it is nearer it falls and freezes; because the place has been cooled down more, the sun having been absent for a longer time.
ἢ ὅτι πρὸς ἡμέραν μᾶλλον τὰ ἐκ νυκτῶν πνεύματα τῆς ψύξεως;
Or because towards daybreak the cold winds of the night blow more?
ἢ ἡμῖν δοκεῖ μᾶλλον εἶναι ψῦχος διὰ τὸ πεπέφθαι τὰ σιτία;
Or does it seem to us to be colder because the food has been digested?
κενώτεροι δὲ ὄντες δυσριγότεροι.
And being emptier we are more susceptible to cold.
σημεῖον δὲ τὸ μετὰ τοὺς ἐμέτους μάλιστα ῥιγᾶν.
And a sign of this is that we shiver most of all after vomiting.