§27.6Διὰ τί οἱ φοβούμενοι μάλιστα τρέμουσι τὴν φωνὴν καὶ τὰς χεῖρας καὶ τὸ κάτω χεῖλος;
Why do those who are afraid tremble especially in their voice, their hands, and their lower lip?
ἢ διότι ἔκλειψίς ἐστι τὸ πάθος θερμοῦ ἐκ τῶν ἄνω τόπων;
Is it because the affection is a departure of heat from the upper regions?
διὸ καὶ ὠχριῶσιν.
Wherefore also they turn pale.
διὰ μὲν οὖν τὸ ἐκ τοῦ στήθους ἡ φωνὴ τρέμει, ψυχομένου ᾧ κινεῖται.
Now, the voice trembles because it comes from the chest, since the organ by which it is moved is cooled.
ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ αἱ χεῖρες· ἐκ τοῦ στήθους γὰρ ἤρτηνται.
Similarly also the hands; for they are suspended from the chest.
τὸ δὲ κάτω χεῖλος, ἀλλ’ οὐ τὸ ἄνωθεν, κάτω κρέμαται ᾗ ῥέπει· τὸ δὲ κάτωθεν ἄνω παρὰ φύσιν, ἀλλ’ ὑπὸ τοῦ θερμοῦ ἄνω ἠρεμεῖ· οὗ ὑφαιρουμένου διὰ τὸ ψύχεσθαι τρέμει.
But the lower lip, unlike the upper one, hangs down in the direction of its weight; for the movement from below upward is contrary to nature, but it rests above by the action of heat; and when this is withdrawn due to cooling, it trembles.
καὶ ἐν τοῖς θυμοῖς δὲ διὰ τὸ αὐτὸ ἀποκρεμάννυται τὸ χεῖλος.
And in anger too, for the same reason, the lip hangs down.
δῆλον δὲ ἐπὶ τῶν παιδίων· συνθεῖ γὰρ εἰς τὴν καρδίαν τὸ θερμόν.
This is clear in the case of children; for the heat rushes together into the heart.
§27.7Διὰ τί οἱ φοβούμενοι τρέμουσι, καὶ μάλιστα τὴν φωνὴν καὶ τοῦ σώματος τὰς χεῖρας καὶ τὸ κάτω χεῖλος;
Why do those who are afraid tremble, and especially in their voice, and of their body, their hands and their lower lip?
ἢ διότι ἐκ τούτου τοῦ τόπου ἐκλείπει τὸ θερμὸν ἐν ᾧ ἡ φωνή;
Is it because the heat departs from that region in which the voice resides?
τὸ δὲ χεῖλος καὶ τὰς χεῖρας, ὅτι εὐκινητότατα καὶ ἥκιστα ἔναιμα.
And as for the lip and the hands, is it because they are extremely mobile and have the least blood?
καὶ προΐενται μὲν τὴν χολήν, συσπῶσι δὲ τὰ αἰδοῖα, προΐενται μὲν διὰ τὸ συντήκειν τὸ καταβαῖνον θερμόν, ἀνασπῶσι δέ, ὅτι ἔξωθεν φόβος· εἰς τοὐναντίον οὖν ἡ φυγή.
And they release bile and contract their private parts; they release it because the descending heat melts the substances, and they draw them up because the fear is from the outside; therefore, the flight is in the opposite direction.
§27.8Διὰ τί οἱ φοβούμενοι καὶ διψοῦσιν καὶ ῥιγοῦσιν; ταῦτα δὲ ἐναντία τὰ πάθη.
Why do those who are afraid both thirst and shiver, though these affections are contrary?
ἢ ῥιγοῦσι μὲν ψυχόμενοι, διψῶσι δὲ θερμαινόμενοι;
Or do they shiver being cooled, and thirst being heated?
διότι ἐν τῷ φοβεῖσθαι τὸ θερμὸν ἐκλείπει καὶ τὸ ὑγρὸν ἐκ τῶν ἄνω τόπων.
Because in being afraid, the heat and the moisture depart from the upper regions.
δηλοῖ δὲ τὸ χρῶμα καὶ αἱ κοιλίαι·
This is shown by the color and the bowels; for the face is pale, and the bowels are sometimes loosened.
τὸ μὲν γὰρ πρόσωπον ὠχρόν, αἱ δὲ κοιλίαι ἐνίοτε λύονται, διὰ μὲν οὖν τὸ ἐκλείπειν τὸ θερμὸν ἐκ τῶν ἄνωθεν τὸ ῥῖγος γίνεται, διὰ δὲ τὸ ὑγρὸν ἡ δίψα.
Therefore, the shivering occurs because of the departure of heat from the upper regions, and the thirst because of the departure of moisture.
§27.9Διὰ τί τοῦ τε φόβου λύπης τινὸς ὄντος καὶ τῆς ἀλγηδόνος, οἱ μὲν ἀλγοῦντες ἀναβοῶσιν, οἱ δὲ φοβούμενοι σιωπῶσιν;
Why is it that, although both fear and pain are a kind of distress, those who are in pain cry out, while those who are afraid remain silent?
ἢ οἱ μὲν ἀλγοῦντες κατέχουσι τὸ πνεῦμα (διὸ ἀθρόον ἐξιὸν μετὰ βοῆς ἐξέρχεται), τῶν δὲ φοβουμένων κατέψυκται τὸ σῶμα καὶ τὸ θερμὸν κάτω ἐνήνεκται, ὃ ποιεῖ πνεύματα.
Is it because those in pain hold their breath (wherefore it comes out all at once with a cry), whereas for those who are afraid, the body is cooled and the heat is carried downward, which produces wind?
ᾗ οὖν ἐνήνεκται μάλιστα, ἐνταῦθα καὶ ποιεῖ αὐτά.
Therefore, in the place where it is carried most, there it also produces it.
διὸ καὶ ἀποψοφοῦσιν οἱ φοβούμενοι.
Wherefore also those who are afraid pass wind.
ἡ δὲ φωνή ἐστι φορὰ πνεύματος ἄνω πως καὶ διά τινων γινομένη.
On the other hand, the voice is a carrying of breath upward in some way and through certain organs.
τοῦ δὲ τοὺς ἀλγοῦντας κατέχειν τὸ πνεῦμα αἴτιον, ὅτι ταῖς ἐνυπαρχούσαις ἡμῖν βοηθείαις φύσει εὐθὺς πάντες παθόντες ἄνευ λογισμοῦ χρώμεθα, καθάπερ καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ζῷα· τὰ μὲν γὰρ κέρασι, τὰ δὲ ὀδοῦσι, τὰ δὲ ὄνυξιν ἀμύνεται.
And the cause of those in pain holding their breath is that all people, when they suffer, immediately use without reasoning the helps inherent in us by nature, just as other animals do; for some defend themselves with horns, others with teeth, others with claws.
πρὸς δὲ τὰ ἀλγήματα πάντα ἢ τὰ πλεῖστα βοηθεῖ ἡ θερμότης.
But for all or most pains, heat is a help.
ὃ ποιεῖ ὁ κατέχων τὸ πνεῦμα· θερμαίνει γὰρ καὶ ἐκπέττει τὸ ἄλγημα, συστέλλων ἐντὸς τὸ θερμὸν τῷ πνεύματι.
This is what the person who holds his breath does; for he warms and digests the pain, contracting the heat inside by means of the breath.
§27.10Διὰ τί τοῖς φοβουμένοις αἱ κοιλίαι λύονται καὶ οὐρητιῶσιν;
Why are the bowels loosened and why do those who are afraid want to urinate?
ἢ τὸ θερμὸν τὸ ἐν ἡμῖν ἐστὶν ὥσπερ ζῷον;
Is it because the heat in us is like a living creature?
τοῦτ’ οὖν φεύγει ὅ τι ἂν φοβηθῇ.
This, then, flees from whatever it fears.
ἔξωθεν οὖν γινομένων τῶν τε ὑπὸ τῆς ἀγωνίας φόβων καὶ τῶν τοιούτων, καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἄνωθεν εἰς τὰ κάτω καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἐπιπολῆς εἰς τὰ ἐντός, ἐκθερμαινόμενοι δὲ οἱ περὶ τὴν κοιλίαν τόποι καὶ τὴν κύστιν διαλύονται, καὶ ποιοῦσιν αὐτὰς εὐτρεπεῖς.
Therefore, when fears due to anxiety and such things arise from the outside, and heat flees from the upper to the lower regions and from the surface to the interior, the regions around the bowels and the bladder, being heated, are relaxed and make them ready to discharge.
καὶ γὰρ τὰ ἄνηθα καὶ τὰ ἀψίνθια, καὶ ὅσα οὐρητικά, θερμαντικά.
For indeed dill, wormwood, and all diuretics are warming.
ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τὰ πρὸς τὴν κοιλίαν φάρμακα, τὰ κάτω θερμαντικά· καὶ τὰ μὲν τῶν εἰσενεχθέντων μόνων λυτικά, τὰ δὲ καὶ ἑτέραν σύντηξιν ποιεῖ, οἷον τὸ σκόροδον εἰς τὸ οὖρον.
Similarly, medicines for the bowels are warming below; and some are dissolvent of the ingested foods only, while others also produce another melting, as garlic does into the urine.
τὸ αὐτὸ δὲ τοῖς τοιούτοις ἡ ἐκ τῶν ἐπιπολῆς θερμασία εἰς τούτους τοὺς τόπους συνιοῦσα δρᾷ.
The same thing is done by the heat from the surface gathering into these regions.
§27.11Διὰ τί οἱ φοβούμενοι συσπῶσιν τὰ αἰδοῖα;
Why do those who are afraid contract their private parts?
εἰκὸς γὰρ ἦν τοὐναντίον, τοῦ θερμοῦ εἰς τοῦτον τὸν τόπον ἀθροιζομένου τῶν φοβουμένων, ἀνίεσθαι αὐτά.
For the contrary was natural, that since the heat of those who are afraid gathers into this region, they should be relaxed.
ἢ οἱ φοβούμενοι σχεδὸν ἅπαντες ὥσπερ ῥιγοῦντές εἰσιν;
Or is it because almost all those who are afraid are like those who shiver?
ἐκλελοιπότος οὖν ἐκ τῶν ἐπιπολῆς τοῦ θερμοῦ συσπῶσιν.
Since, therefore, the heat has departed from the surface, they contract them.
διὸ καὶ βομβυλίζουσιν οἱ δεινῶς δεδιότες.
Wherefore also those who are terribly afraid get goosebumps.
δοκεῖ δὲ συσπᾶν τὸ ἐπιπολῆς καὶ τὸ δέρμα τῶν ῥιγούντων, ἅτε τοῦ θερμοῦ ἐκκεκριμένου· διὸ καὶ φρίττουσιν.
Indeed, the surface skin of those who shiver also seems to contract, since the heat is secreted out; wherefore they shudder.
συσπᾶται δὲ καὶ ἡ ὄσχεα τοῦ αἰδοίου ἄνω, καὶ συνεφέλκονται καὶ οἱ ὄρχεις αὐτοῖς συστελλομένων.
And the scrotum of the private part is also contracted upward, and the testicles are drawn up with them as they contract.
θᾶττον δὲ φαίνεται ἐπὶ τῶν ἀφροδισίων· ὁ γὰρ φόβος ἐκκρίνει, καὶ πολλοῖς τῶν ἀγωνιώντων καὶ τῶν περιφόβων συγκινεῖ ἡ τῆς γονῆς πρόεσις.
This appears more quickly in sexual matters; for fear causes secretion, and in many of those who are anxious and terrified, the discharge of semen is set in motion.