§27.1Διὰ τί οἱ φοβούμενοι τρέμουσιν;
Why do those who are afraid tremble?
ἢ διὰ τὴν κατάψυξιν;
Or is it because of cooling?
ἐκλείπει γὰρ τὸ θερμὸν καὶ συστέλλεται· διὸ καὶ αἱ κοιλίαι λύονται τοῖς πολλοῖς.
For the heat departs and contracts; wherefore also the bowels are loosened in most people.
§27.2Διὰ τί οὖν καὶ διψῶσιν ἔνιοι, καθάπερ οἱ μέλλοντες κολάζεσθαι;
Why then do some also thirst, like those who are about to be punished?
οὐ γὰρ ἔδει καταψυχομένων.
For this ought not to happen when they are being cooled.
ἢ οὐκ ἐν ταὐτῷ τόπῳ ἡ κατάψυξις καὶ ἡ θερμότης, ἀλλ’ ἡ μὲν ἐν τῷ ἐπιπολῆς, ἔνθεν ἐκλείπει τὸ θερμόν, ἡ δὲ ἐν τῷ ἐντός, ὥστε ἐκθερμαίνει;
Or is it that the cooling and the heat are not in the same place, but the former is on the surface, from where the heat departs, while the latter is inside, so that it heats the interior?
σημεῖον δὲ καὶ τὸ λύεσθαι τὰς κοιλίας.
And a sign of this is also the loosening of the bowels.
ἀναξηραινομένου δὴ τοῦ κυρίου τόπου τὸ δίψος.
Indeed, when the sovereign region is dried up, thirst arises.
ὅμοιον δὲ ἔοικεν ὥσπερ τοῖς ἠπιαλοῦσιν, οἳ ἅμα τῷ ῥιγοῦν διψῶσιν· οὐδὲ γὰρ ὁ αὐτὸς οὐδ’ ἐκεῖ τόπος ψύχεται καὶ θερμαίνεται.
And it seems similar to those suffering from ague, who thirst at the same time as they shiver; for there too, the same place is not both cooled and heated.
§27.3Διὰ τί ἐν μὲν τοῖς θυμοῖς εἰς τὸ ἐντὸς ἀθροιζομένου τοῦ θερμοῦ διάθερμοι καὶ θαρραλέοι, ἐν δὲ τοῖς φόβοις ἀνάπαλιν;
Why is it that in anger, as heat collects in the interior, men become hot and bold, but in fear the reverse?
ἢ οὐκ εἰς τὸν αὐτὸν τόπον, ἀλλὰ τοῖς μὲν ὀργιζομένοις περὶ τὴν καρδίαν, διὸ καὶ θαρρητικοὶ καὶ ἐν ἐρυθήματι καὶ πνεύματος πλήρεις, ἄνω τῆς φορᾶς οὔσης, τοῖς δὲ φοβουμένοις κάτω συμφευγόντων τοῦ αἵματος καὶ τοῦ θερμοῦ, διὸ καὶ ἡ λύσις τῶν κοιλιῶν·
Is it because the heat does not collect in the same place, but for those who are angry, around the heart—wherefore they are courageous, flushed, and full of breath, the movement of the heat being upward—whereas for those who are afraid, the blood and heat flee together downward, wherefore also the loosening of the bowels occurs?
ἐπεὶ καὶ ἡ τῆς καρδίας πήδησις οὐχ ὁμοία, ἀλλὰ τοῖς μὲν ὡς ἂν διὰ τὴν ἔκλειψιν πυκνὴ καὶ νυγματώδης, τοῖς δὲ ὡς ἂν ἀθροιζομένου πλείονος θερμοῦ· διὸ καὶ τὸ ἀναζεῖν καὶ τὸ ὀρίνεσθαι τὸν θυμὸν καὶ ταράττεσθαι, καὶ ὅσα τοιαῦτα λέγουσιν οὐ κακῶς, ἀλλ’ οἰκείως.
For indeed the beating of the heart is not similar, but for the former it is rapid and stabbing, as if because of the departure of heat, while for the latter it is as if more heat were collecting; wherefore they say not badly but properly that anger "boils up," is "aroused," and "disturbed," and all such expressions.
ἆρ’ οὖν καὶ διὰ τοῦτο τὸ δίψος, ἐπεὶ τό γε ξηρὸν πτύειν καὶ ὁ σαυσαρισμὸς καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα γίνεται διὰ τὴν ἀναφορὰν τοῦ πνεύματος ἅμα καὶ θερμοῦ.
Is it then also because of this that thirst arises, since dry spitting, gasping, and such things occur because of the upward movement of breath and heat together?
καὶ τὸ δίψος δὲ δῆλον ὡς ἐκθερμαινομένου τοῦ σώματος.
And that thirst is due to the body being heated is clear.
πῶς οὖν ὁ αὐτὸς τόπος ἀναξηραίνεται ἀμφοῖν, ᾧ διψῶμεν, καὶ τῷ φοβουμένῳ καὶ τῷ ὀργιζομένῳ;
How then is the same place, by which we thirst, dried up in both cases, both for the fearing and the angry man?
ὁ δὲ φόβος ὅτι διψητικόν, καὶ οἱ ἐν ταῖς τροπαῖς δηλοῦσιν· οὐδαμοῦ γὰρ οὕτω διψῶσιν.
That fear is productive of thirst is shown also by those who are in routs in battle; for nowhere else do men thirst so much.
καὶ οἱ ἀγωνιῶντες δὲ σφόδρα· διὸ καὶ διακλύζονται καὶ ἐπιρροφοῦσιν, καθάπερ Παρμένων ὁ ὑποκριτής.
And those who are in extreme anxiety also show this; wherefore they rinse their mouths and sip water, just as Parmenon the actor did.
ἢ τούτοις μὲν οὐκ ἔστιν δίψος, ἀλλὰ ξηρότης πεφευγότος τοῦ αἵματος, ὅθεν καὶ ὠχροί;
Or is there no real thirst in these, but rather a dryness because the blood has fled, whence they also turn pale?
σημεῖον δὲ τὸ μὴ πίνειν πολύ, ἀλλὰ καὶ βροχθίσαι.
A sign of this is that they do not drink much, but only moisten their throats.
οἱ δ’ ἐν ταῖς τροπαῖς μετὰ πόνου.
But those in routs thirst because of exertion.
διὸ διψῶσι καὶ οἱ μέλλοντες κολάζεσθαι· καὶ οὐθὲν ἄτοπον.
Wherefore those also who are about to be punished thirst; and there is nothing strange in this.
ἐν δὲ τοῖς πολεμικοῖς ἔνιοι καὶ τῶν ἀνδρείων, ὅταν διασκευασθῶσιν, καὶ τρέμουσιν οὐκ ἐξεστηκότες, ἀλλὰ θαρροῦντες· ὧν εἰώθασιν μαστιγοῦν τὸ σῶμα πλατεῖ νάρθηκι, εἰ δὲ μή, ταῖς χερσὶν ἀναθερμανθέντες.
But in military affairs, some even of the brave, when they are arrayed for battle, tremble, not because they are out of their minds, but though they are confident; whose bodies they are accustomed to beat with a broad fennel-stalk, or if not, they are warmed up by hands.
ἔοικεν δὴ διὰ τὴν ὀξύτητα καὶ τὴν φορὰν τοῦ θερμοῦ ἀνωμαλία τις εἶναι περὶ τὸ σῶμα ταραχώδης.
It seems indeed, because of the sharpness and the movement of the heat, there is some turbulent irregularity throughout the body.
§27.4Διὰ τί οἱ ἀνδρεῖοι ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ φίλοινοι;
Why are brave men for the most part fond of wine?
ἢ ὅτι οἱ ἀνδρεῖοι θερμοί, ἡ δὲ θερμότης περὶ τὰ στήθη.
Is it because brave men are hot, and heat is located around the chest?
ἐνταῦθα γὰρ καὶ ὁ φόβος φαίνεται, γινόμενος κατάψυξίς τις.
For there also fear appears, being a kind of cooling.
ὥστε 〈τοῖς μὲν〉 περὶ τὴν καρδίαν ἧττον μὲν μένει, τοῖς δὲ πηδᾷ ψυχομένη.
So that in some it remains less around the heart, while in others the heart leaps as it is cooled.
ὅσοι οὖν τὸν πνεύμονα ἔχουσιν ἔναιμον, θερμὸν ἔχουσι τοῦτον ὥσπερ οἰνωμένοι, ὥστε οὐ ψύχει ἡ φαντασία τοῦ δεινοῦ.
All those, then, who have a bloody lung, have this organ hot as if they were wine-flushed, so that the imagination of danger does not cool them.
οἱ δὲ τοιοῦτοι καὶ φιλοπόται· ἥ τε γὰρ τοῦ ποτοῦ ἐπιθυμία διὰ τὴν τούτου τοῦ μορίου θερμότητά ἐστιν (εἴρηται δὲ περὶ αὐτοῦ ἐν ἄλλοις) καὶ τοῦ παυστικοῦ ἡ ἐπιθυμία.
And such men are also fond of drinking; for the desire for drink is due to the heat of this part (and this has been discussed in other places) and the desire for that which quenches it.
ὁ δὲ οἶνος θερμὸς μὲν τὴν φύσιν, παύει δὲ τὴν δίψαν μᾶλλον τοῦ ὕδατος, καὶ μάλιστα τῶν αὐτῶν· δι’ ἣν αἰτίαν, εἴρηται ἐν ἄλλοις.
Wine is indeed hot by nature, but it quenches thirst more than water, and especially in these same people; for what reason, has been said elsewhere.
διὸ καὶ οἱ ἐν τῇ περιπνευμονίᾳ καὶ οἱ μαινόμενοι ἀμφότεροι ἐπιθυμοῦσιν οἴνου· καίτοι τῶν μὲν διὰ τὴν θερμασίαν θερμὸς ὁ πνεύμων, τῶν δὲ διὰ τὴν ταραχήν.
Wherefore both those with pneumonia and madmen desire wine; although for the former, the lung is hot due to fever, while for the latter, due to disturbance.
ἐπεὶ οὖν οἱ αὐτοὶ ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ τῷ γένει διψητικοὶ καὶ ἀνδρεῖοι, οἴνου δὲ οἱ διψητικοὶ ἐπιθυμητικοί, οἱ δὲ τοιοῦτοι φιλοπόται, ἀναγκαῖον ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ παρακολουθεῖν ἀλλήλοις τὰς φύσεις.
Since then the same people are for the most part both thirsty and brave by nature, and those who are thirsty are desirous of wine, and such men are fond of drinking, it is necessary that for the most part their natures should accompany one another.
διὸ καὶ οἱ οἰνωμένοι ἀνδρειότεροι τῶν μή.
Wherefore also those who have drunk wine are braver than those who have not.
§27.5Διὰ τί μάλιστα τὴν ἀνδρείαν τιμῶσιν αἱ πόλεις, οὐ βελτίστην οὖσαν τῶν ἀρετῶν;
Why do cities honor courage most of all, though it is not the best of the virtues?
ἢ ὅτι διατελοῦσιν ἢ πολεμοῦντες ἢ πολεμούμενοι, αὕτη δὲ ἐν ἀμφοῖν χρησιμωτάτη ἐστίν· τιμῶσι δὲ οὐ τὰ βέλτιστα, ἀλλὰ τὰ αὑτοῖς βέλτιστα.
Is it because they are continually either making war or being warred upon, and this virtue is the most useful in both; and they honor not what is best absolutely, but what is best for themselves.