§5.1304aὁ μὲν γὰρ οἰωνισάμενός τι σύμπτωμα, ὡς ἦλθεν ἐπὶ τὴν νύμφην, οὐ λαβὼν ἀπῆλθεν, οἱ δʼ ὡς ὑβρισθέντες ἐνέβαλον τῶν ἱερῶν χρημάτων θύοντος, κἄπειτα ὡς ἱερόσυλον ἀπέκτειναν.
For one of them, having read a certain omen as unfavorable when he came to the bride, went away without taking her; and the others, thinking they were insulted, slipped some of the sacred property [into his belongings] while he was sacrificing, and then killed him as a temple-robber.
καὶ περὶ Μυτιλήνην δὲ ἐξ ἐπικλήρων στάσεως γενομένης πολλῶν ἐγένετο ἀρχὴ κακῶν καὶ τοῦ πολέμου τοῦ πρὸς Ἀθηναίους, ἐν ᾧ Πάχης ἔλαβε τὴν πόλιν αὐτῶν·
And in Mytilene, a faction arising over heiresses became the beginning of many evils and of the war against the Athenians, in which Paches captured their city.
Τιμοφάνους γὰρ τῶν εὐπόρων τινὸς καταλιπόντος δύο θυγατέρας, ὁ περιωσθεὶς καὶ οὐ λαβὼν τοῖς υἱέσιν αὑτοῦ Δέξανδρος ἦρξε τῆς στάσεως καὶ τοὺς Ἀθηναίους παρώξυνε, πρόξενος ὢν τῆς πόλεως.
For when Timophanes, one of the wealthy, left two daughters, Dexandros, who was thrust aside and did not obtain them for his own sons, began the faction and incited the Athenians, since he was a proxenos of the city.
καὶ ἐν Φωκεῦσιν ἐξ ἐπικλήρου στάσεως γενομένης περὶ Μνασέαν τὸν Μνάσωνος πατέρα καὶ Εὐθυκράτη τὸν Ὀνομάρχου, ἡ στάσις αὕτη ἀρχὴ τοῦ ἱεροῦ πολέμου κατέστη τοῖς Φωκεῦσιν.
And among the Phocians, a faction arising over an heiress between Mnaseas, the father of Mnason, and Euthycrates, the father of Onomarchus, this faction became the beginning of the Sacred War for the Phocians.
μετέβαλε δὲ καὶ ἐν Ἐπιδάμνῳ ἡ πολιτεία ἐκ γαμικῶν· ὑπομνηστευσάμενος γάρ τις θυγατέρα, ὡς ἐζημίωσεν αὐτὸν ὁ τοῦ ὑπομνηστευθέντος πατήρ, γενόμενος τῶν ἀρχόντων, ἅτερος συμπαρέλαβε τοὺς ἐκτὸς τῆς πολιτείας ὡς ἐπηρεασθείς.
And in Epidamnus, the constitution changed because of a marriage matter; for someone having betrothed his daughter, when the father of the betrothed man, having become one of the rulers, fined him, the other, on the ground that he was treated with insolence, enlisted those outside the constitution.
μεταβάλλουσι δὲ καὶ εἰς ὀλιγαρχίαν καὶ εἰς δῆμον καὶ εἰς πολιτείαν ἐκ τοῦ εὐδοκιμῆσαί τι ἢ αὐξηθῆναι ἢ ἀρχεῖον ἢ μόριον τῆς πόλεως, οἷον ἡ ἐν Ἀρείῳ πάγῳ βουλὴ εὐδοκιμήσασα ἐν τοῖς Μηδικοῖς ἔδοξε συντονωτέραν ποιῆσαι τὴν πολιτείαν, καὶ πάλιν ὁ ναυτικὸς ὄχλος γενόμενος αἴτιος τῆς περὶ Σαλαμῖνα νίκης καὶ διὰ ταύτης τῆς ἡγεμονίας διὰ τὴν κατὰ θάλατταν δύναμιν τὴν δημοκρατίαν ἰσχυροτέραν ἐποίησεν, καὶ ἐν Ἄργει οἱ γνώριμοι εὐδοκιμήσαντες περὶ τὴν ἐν Μαντινείᾳ μάχην τὴν πρὸς Λακεδαιμονίους ἐπεχείρησαν καταλύειν τὸν δῆμον, καὶ ἐν Συρακούσαις ὁ δῆμος αἴτιος γενόμενος τῆς νίκης τοῦ πολέμου τοῦ πρὸς Ἀθηναίους ἐκ πολιτείας εἰς δημοκρατίαν μετέβαλεν, καὶ ἐν Χαλκίδι Φόξον τὸν τύραννον μετὰ τῶν γνωρίμων ὁ δῆμος ἀνελὼν εὐθὺς εἴχετο τῆς πολιτείας, καὶ ἐν Ἀμβρακίᾳ πάλιν ὡσαύτως Περίανδρον συνεκβαλὼν τοῖς ἐπιθεμένοις ὁ δῆμος τὸν τύραννον εἰς ἑαυτὸν περιέστησε τὴν πολιτείαν.
Constitutions also change into oligarchy and into democracy and into constitutional government from some office or part of the city gaining prestige or being increased, as the Council of the Areopagus, having gained prestige in the Persian Wars, was thought to make the constitution more restrictive; and conversely, the naval crowd, having been the cause of the victory at Salamis and through this of the hegemony due to its power on the sea, made the democracy stronger. And in Argos, the notables, having gained prestige in the battle at Mantinea against the Lacedaemonians, attempted to overthrow the democracy; and in Syracuse, the common people, having been the cause of the victory in the war against the Athenians, changed the constitution from a constitutional government into a democracy; and in Chalcis, the common people, having slain the tyrant Phoxus together with the notables, immediately took hold of the constitution; and in Ambracia, likewise, the common people, having joined those who attacked in casting out the tyrant Periander, turned the constitution to themselves.
καὶ ὅλως δὴ δεῖ τοῦτο μὴ λανθάνειν, ὡς οἱ δυνάμεως αἴτιοι γενόμενοι, καὶ ἰδιῶται καὶ ἀρχαὶ καὶ φυλαὶ καὶ ὅλως μέρος καὶ ὁποινοῦν πλῆθος, στάσιν κινοῦσιν· ἢ γὰρ οἱ τούτοις φθονοῦντες τιμωμένοις ἄρχουσι τῆς στάσεως, ἢ οὗτοι διὰ τὴν ὑπεροχὴν οὐ θέλουσι μένειν ἐπὶ τῶν ἴσων.
And on the whole, one must not overlook this, that those who have become the cause of power, whether private individuals, or offices, or tribes, or in short any part or any multitude whatsoever, stir up faction; for either those who envy them when they are honored begin the faction, or these on account of their superiority are not willing to remain on equal terms.
κινοῦνται δʼ αἱ πολιτεῖαι καὶ ὅταν τἀναντία εἶναι δοκοῦντα μέρη τῆς πόλεως ἰσάζῃ ἀλλήλοις, §5.1304bοἷον οἱ πλούσιοι καὶ ὁ δῆμος, μέσον δʼ ᾖ μηθὲν ἢ μικρὸν πάμπαν· ἂν γὰρ πολὺ ὑπερέχῃ ὁποτερονοῦν τῶν μερῶν, πρὸς τὸ φανερῶς κρεῖττον τὸ λοιπὸν οὐ θέλει κινδυνεύειν.
Constitutions are also stirred up when the parts of the city that seem to be opposite are equal to one another, as the wealthy and the common people, and there is no middle class, or a very small one indeed; for if either of the parts is far superior, the remaining one is not willing to run risks against what is clearly stronger.
διὸ καὶ οἱ κατʼ ἀρετὴν διαφέροντες οὐ ποιοῦσι στάσιν ὡς εἰπεῖν· ὀλίγοι γὰρ γίγνονται πρὸς πολλούς.
Therefore, those who excel in virtue do not make faction, so to speak; for they are few against many.
καθόλου μὲν οὖν περὶ πάσας τὰς πολιτείας αἱ ἀρχαὶ καὶ αἰτίαι τῶν στάσεων καὶ τῶν μεταβολῶν τοῦτον ἔχουσι τὸν τρόπον· κινοῦσι δὲ τὰς πολιτείας ὁτὲ μὲν διὰ βίας ὁτὲ δὲ διʼ ἀπάτης, διὰ βίας μὲν ἢ εὐθὺς ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἢ ὕστερον ἀναγκάζοντες.
In general, then, concerning all the constitutions, the beginnings and causes of factions and changes are in this manner; and they stir up constitutions sometimes by force and sometimes by deceit—by force, either immediately from the beginning or forcing them later.
καὶ γὰρ ἡ ἀπάτη διττή.
For deceit is also twofold.
ὁτὲ μὲν γὰρ ἐξαπατήσαντες τὸ πρῶτον ἑκόντων μεταβάλλουσι τὴν πολιτείαν, εἶθʼ ὕστερον βίᾳ κατέχουσιν ἀκόντων, οἷον ἐπὶ τῶν Τετρακοσίων τὸν δῆμον ἐξηπάτησαν φάσκοντες τὸν βασιλέα χρήματα παρέξειν πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον τὸν πρὸς Λακεδαιμονίους, ψευσάμενοι δὲ κατέχειν ἐπειρῶντο τὴν πολιτείαν· ὁτὲ δὲ ἐξ ἀρχῆς τε πείσαντες καὶ ὕστερον πάλιν πεισθέντων ἑκόντων ἄρχουσιν αὐτῶν.
For sometimes, having deceived them at first, they change the constitution with them willing, and then later by force they hold it against their will, just as in the case of the Four Hundred, they deceived the common people, saying that the King would provide funds for the war against the Lacedaemonians, and having lied, they attempted to hold the constitution; and at other times, having persuaded them from the beginning, they rule over them with them willing, they being persuaded again later.
ἁπλῶς μὲν οὖν περὶ πάσας τὰς πολιτείας ἐκ τῶν εἰρημένων συμβέβηκε γίνεσθαι τὰς μεταβολάς.
Simply, then, concerning all constitutions, changes have happened to arise from the things mentioned.
καθʼ ἕκαστον δʼ εἶδος πολιτείας ἐκ τούτων μερίζοντας τὰ συμβαίνοντα δεῖ θεωρεῖν.
But according to each form of constitution, dividing the events from these causes, we must examine them.
αἱ μὲν οὖν δημοκρατίαι μάλιστα μεταβάλλουσι διὰ τὴν τῶν δημαγωγῶν ἀσέλγειαν· τὰ μὲν γὰρ ἰδίᾳ συκοφαντοῦντες τοὺς τὰς οὐσίας ἔχοντας συστρέφουσιν αὐτούς (συνάγει γὰρ καὶ τοὺς ἐχθίστους ὁ κοινὸς φόβος), τὰ δὲ κοινῇ τὸ πλῆθος ἐπάγοντες.
Democracies, then, change most of all because of the insolence of the demagogues; for on the one hand, by privately slandering those who possess property, they make them band together (for a common fear brings together even the most hostile), and on the other hand, by publicly bringing on the multitude.
καὶ τοῦτο ἐπὶ πολλῶν ἄν τις ἴδοι γιγνόμενον οὕτω.
And one might see this happening in this way in many cases.
καὶ γὰρ ἐν Κῷ ἡ δημοκρατία μετέβαλε πονηρῶν ἐγγενομένων δημαγωγῶν (οἱ γὰρ γνώριμοι συνέστησαν)· καὶ ἐν Ῥόδῳ· μισθοφοράν τε γὰρ οἱ δημαγωγοὶ ἐπόριζον, καὶ ἐκώλυον ἀποδιδόναι τὰ ὀφειλόμενα τοῖς τριηράρχοις, οἱ δὲ διὰ τὰς ἐπιφερομένας δίκας ἠναγκάσθησαν συστάντες καταλῦσαι τὸν δῆμον.
For in Cos, the democracy changed when wicked demagogues arose (for the notables banded together); and in Rhodes, for the demagogues provided pay, and prevented the payment of what was owed to the trierarchs, and they, on account of the lawsuits brought against them, were forced to band together and overthrow the democracy.
κατελύθη δὲ καὶ ἐν Ἡρακλείᾳ ὁ δῆμος μετὰ τὸν ἀποικισμὸν εὐθὺς διὰ τοὺς δημαγωγούς· ἀδικούμενοι γὰρ ὑπʼ αὐτῶν οἱ γνώριμοι ἐξέπιπτον, ἔπειτα ἀθροισθέντες οἱ ἐκπίπτοντες καὶ κατελθόντες κατέλυσαν τὸν δῆμον.
And in Heraclea, the democracy was overthrown immediately after the colonization because of the demagogues; for the notables, being unjustly treated by them, were cast out, and then the exiles, having gathered together and returned, overthrew the democracy.
παραπλησίως δὲ καὶ ἡ ἐν Μεγάροις κατελύθη δημοκρατία· οἱ γὰρ δημαγωγοί, ἵνα χρήματα ἔχωσι δημεύειν, ἐξέβαλον πολλοὺς τῶν γνωρίμων, ἕως πολλοὺς ἐποίησαν τοὺς φεύγοντας, οἱ δὲ κατιόντες ἐνίκησαν μαχόμενοι τὸν δῆμον καὶ κατέστησαν τὴν ὀλιγαρχίαν.
And in a similar manner the democracy in Megara was overthrown; for the demagogues, in order that they might have property to confiscate, cast out many of the notables, until they made the exiles numerous, and they, returning and fighting, defeated the common people and established the oligarchy.