§5.1303aὧν πολλάκις λανθάνει τι αὐξανόμενον, οἷον τὸ τῶν ἀπόρων πλῆθος ἐν ταῖς δημοκρατίαις καὶ πολιτείαις.
Among these parts, often some part grows without being noticed, for example, the multitude of the poor in democracies and constitutional governments.
συμβαίνει δʼ ἐνίοτε τοῦτο καὶ διὰ τύχας, οἷον ἐν Τάραντι ἡττηθέντων καὶ ἀπολομένων πολλῶν γνωρίμων ὑπὸ τῶν Ἰαπύγων μικρὸν ὕστερον τῶν Μηδικῶν δημοκρατία ἐγένετο ἐκ πολιτείας, καὶ ἐν Ἄργει τῶν ἐν τῇ ἑβδόμῃ ἀπολομένων ὑπὸ Κλεομένους τοῦ Λάκωνος ἠναγκάσθησαν παραδέξασθαι τῶν περιοίκων τινάς, καὶ ἐν Ἀθήναις ἀτυχούντων πεζῇ οἱ γνώριμοι ἐλάττους ἐγένοντο διὰ τὸ ἐκ καταλόγου στρατεύεσθαι ὑπὸ τὸν Λακωνικὸν πόλεμον.
And this sometimes happens also by chance, as in Tarentum when, shortly after the Persian Wars, many notables were defeated and destroyed by the Iapygians, a democracy arose out of a constitutional government. And in Argos, when those on the seventh day were destroyed by Cleomenes the Laconian, they were forced to admit some of the neighboring peoples as citizens. And in Athens, when they were met with misfortune on land, the notables became fewer because they had to serve from the muster-roll during the Laconian War.
συμβαίνει δὲ τοῦτο καὶ ἐν ταῖς δημοκρατίαις, ἧττον δέ· πλειόνων γὰρ τῶν εὐπόρων γινομένων ἢ τῶν οὐσιῶν αὐξανομένων μεταβάλλουσιν εἰς ὀλιγαρχίας καὶ δυναστείας. —μεταβάλλουσι δʼ αἱ πολιτεῖαι καὶ ἄνευ στάσεως διά τε τὰς ἐριθείας, ὥσπερ ἐν Ἡραίᾳ (ἐξ αἱρετῶν γὰρ διὰ τοῦτο ἐποίησαν κληρωτάς, ὅτι ᾑροῦντο τοὺς ἐριθευομένους), καὶ διʼ ὀλιγωρίαν, ὅταν ἐάσωσιν εἰς τὰς ἀρχὰς τὰς κυρίας παριέναι τοὺς μὴ τῇ πολιτείᾳ φίλους, ὥσπερ ἐν Ὠρεῷ κατελύθη ἡ ὀλιγαρχία τῶν ἀρχόντων γενομένου Ἡρακλεοδώρου, ὃς ἐξ ὀλιγαρχίας πολιτείαν καὶ δημοκρατίαν κατεσκεύασεν. —ἔτι διὰ τὸ παρὰ μικρόν.
This also happens in democracies, though less frequently; for when the wealthy become more numerous or their properties increase, they change into oligarchies and dynasties. —Constitutions also change without faction, both because of party rivalry, as in Heraea (for this reason they changed the offices from elective to choosing by lot, because they used to elect those who engaged in party rivalry), and because of negligence, when they allow those who are not friends to the constitution to enter into the sovereign offices, just as in Oreus the oligarchy of the rulers was dissolved when Heracleodorus became one of them, who out of oligarchy established a constitutional government and a democracy. —Further, because of a small difference.
λέγω δὲ παρὰ μικρόν, ὅτι πολλάκις λανθάνει μεγάλη γινομένη μετάβασις τῶν νομίμων, ὅταν παρορῶσι τὸ μικρόν, ὥσπερ ἐν Ἀμβρακίᾳ μικρὸν ἦν τὸ τίμημα, τέλος δʼ ἀπʼ οὐθενὸς ἦρχον, ὡς ἔγγιον ἢ μηθὲν διαφέρον τοῦ μηθὲν τὸ μικρόν.
And I say "because of a small difference" because often a great change of the laws occurs without being noticed when they overlook the small, just as in Ambracia the property qualification was small, but in the end they ruled with none at all, as they thought the small was closer to nothing, or differed in no way from nothing.
στασιωτικὸν δὲ καὶ τὸ μὴ ὁμόφυλον, ἕως ἂν συμπνεύσῃ· ὥσπερ γὰρ οὐδʼ ἐκ τοῦ τυχόντος πλήθους πόλις γίγνεται, οὕτως οὐδʼ ἐν τῷ τυχόντι χρόνῳ·
Faction is also caused by a lack of shared stock, until they breathe together; for just as a city does not arise from any chance multitude, so neither does it in any chance time.
διὸ ὅσοι ἤδη συνοίκους ἐδέξαντο ἢ ἐποίκους, οἱ πλεῖστοι διεστασίασαν·
Therefore, as many as have already received co-dwellers or colonists, most of them fell into faction.
οἷον Τροιζηνίοις Ἀχαιοὶ συνῴκησαν Σύβαριν, εἶτα πλείους οἱ Ἀχαιοὶ γενόμενοι ἐξέβαλον τοὺς Τροιζηνίους, ὅθεν τὸ ἄγος συνέβη τοῖς Συβαρίταις·
For example, the Achaeans co-settled Sybaris with the Troezenians, and then the Achaeans, becoming more numerous, cast out the Troezenians, whence the curse fell upon the Sybarites.
καὶ ἐν Θουρίοις Συβαρῖται τοῖς συνοικήσασιν (πλεονεκτεῖν γὰρ ἀξιοῦντες ὡς σφετέρας τῆς χώρας ἐξέπεσον)·
And in Thurii, the Sybarites fell into faction against their co-settlers (for claiming to have a greater share on the ground that the land was theirs, they were cast out).
καὶ Βυζαντίοις οἱ ἔποικοι ἐπιβουλεύοντες φωραθέντες ἐξέπεσον διὰ μάχης·
And in Byzantium, the colonists, being detected plotting, were cast out after a battle.
καὶ Ἀντισσαῖοι τοὺς Χίων φυγάδας εἰσδεξάμενοι διὰ μάχης ἐξέβαλον·
And the Antissaeans, having received the exiles of the Chians, cast them out after a battle.
Ζαγκλαῖοι δὲ Σαμίους ὑποδεξάμενοι ἐξέπεσον αὐτοί·
On the other hand, the Zancleans, having welcomed the Samians, were themselves cast out.
καὶ Ἀπολλωνιᾶται οἱ ἐν τῷ Εὐξείνῳ πόντῳ ἐποίκους ἐπαγαγόμενοι ἐστασίασαν·
And the Apolloniates on the Euxine Sea, having brought in colonists, fell into faction.
§5.1303bκαὶ Συρακούσιοι μετὰ τὰ τυραννικὰ τοὺς ξένους καὶ τοὺς μισθοφόρους πολίτας ποιησάμενοι ἐστασίασαν καὶ εἰς μάχην ἦλθον·
And the Syracusans, after the period of the tyrannies, having made the foreigners and the mercenaries citizens, fell into faction and came to a battle.
καὶ Ἀμφιπολῖται δεξάμενοι Χαλκιδέων ἐποίκους ἐξέπεσον ὑπὸ τούτων οἱ πλεῖστοι αὐτῶν.
And the Amphipolitans, having received colonists of the Chalcidians, most of them were cast out by these.
στασιάζουσι δʼ ἐν μὲν ταῖς ὀλιγαρχίαις οἱ πολλοὶ ὡς ἀδικούμενοι, ὅτι οὐ μετέχουσι τῶν ἴσων, καθάπερ εἴρηται πρότερον, ἴσοι ὄντες, ἐν δὲ ταῖς δημοκρατίαις οἱ γνώριμοι, ὅτι μετέχουσι τῶν ἴσων οὐκ ἴσοι ὄντες.
In oligarchies, the many rebel because they are unjustly treated, because they do not share in equal rights, being equal, as has been said before; whereas in democracies, the notables rebel because they share in equal rights, though they are not equal.
στασιάζουσι δὲ ἐνίοτε αἱ πόλεις καὶ διὰ τοὺς τόπους, ὅταν μὴ εὐφυῶς ἔχῃ ἡ χώρα πρὸς τὸ μίαν εἶναι πόλιν, οἷον ἐν Κλαζομεναῖς οἱ ἐπὶ Χύτρῳ πρὸς τοὺς ἐν νήσῳ, καὶ Κολοφώνιοι καὶ Νοτιεῖς·
Cities also rebel sometimes because of their locations, when the territory is not naturally suited to being a single city, as in Clazomenae those at Chytrium against those on the island, and the Colophonians and the Notians.
καὶ Ἀθήνησιν οὐχ ὁμοίως εἰσὶν ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον δημοτικοὶ οἱ τὸν Πειραιᾶ οἰκοῦντες τῶν τὸ ἄστυ.
And at Athens, those who dwell in Piraeus are not of the same mind but are more democratic than those of the city.
ὥσπερ γὰρ ἐν τοῖς πολέμοις αἱ διαβάσεις τῶν ὀχετῶν, καὶ τῶν πάνυ σμικρῶν, διασπῶσι τὰς φάλαγγας, οὕτως ἔοικε πᾶσα διαφορὰ ποιεῖν διάστασιν.
For just as in wars the crossings of ditches, even the very small ones, split the phalanxes, so every difference seems to make a division.
μεγίστη μὲν οὖν ἴσως διάστασις ἀρετὴ καὶ μοχθηρία, εἶτα πλοῦτος καὶ πενία, καὶ οὕτως δὴ ἑτέρα ἑτέρας μᾶλλον, ὧν μία καὶ ἡ εἰρημένη ἐστί.
Perhaps the greatest division is virtue and vice, then wealth and poverty, and so indeed one more than another, of which one is also the one mentioned.
Γίγνονται μὲν οὖν αἱ στάσεις οὐ περὶ μικρῶν ἀλλʼ ἐκ μικρῶν, στασιάζουσι δὲ περὶ μεγάλων.
Factions, then, arise not about small matters but from small matters, though they rebel about great ones.
μάλιστα δὲ καὶ αἱ μικραὶ ἰσχύουσιν, ὅταν ἐν τοῖς κυρίοις γένωνται, οἷον συνέβη καὶ ἐν Συρακούσαις ἐν τοῖς ἀρχαίοις χρόνοις.
Especially, even the small ones are powerful when they occur among those in authority, as happened also in Syracuse in ancient times.
μετέβαλε γὰρ ἡ πολιτεία ἐκ δύο νεανίσκων στασιασάντων τῶν ἐν ταῖς ἀρχαῖς ὄντων, περὶ ἐρωτικὴν αἰτίαν.
For the constitution changed because of two young men who, being in office, fell into faction over a love affair.
θατέρου γὰρ ἀποδημοῦντος ἅτερος ὤν τὸν ἐρώμενον αὐτοῦ ὑπεποιήσατο, πάλιν δʼ ἐκεῖνος τούτῳ χαλεπήνας τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ ἀνέπεισεν ὡς αὑτὸν ἐλθεῖν·
For while one of them was away from home, the other, being there, won over his beloved; and he, in turn, being angry at this, persuaded his wife to come to him.
ὅθεν προσλαμβάνοντες τοὺς ἐν τῷ πολιτεύματι διεστασίασαν πάντας.
Whence, winning over those in the government, they split all of them into faction.
διόπερ ἀρχομένων εὐλαβεῖσθαι δεῖ τῶν τοιούτων, καὶ διαλύειν τὰς τῶν ἡγεμόνων καὶ δυναμένων στάσεις· ἐν ἀρχῇ γὰρ γίνεται τὸ ἁμάρτημα, ἡ δʼ ἀρχὴ λέγεται ἥμισυ εἶναι παντός, ὥστε καὶ τὸ ἐν αὐτῇ μικρὸν ἁμάρτημα ἀνάλογόν ἐστι πρὸς τὰ ἐν τοῖς ἄλλοις μέρεσιν.
Therefore, from the beginning one must guard against such things, and dissolve the factions of the leaders and powerful men; for the error occurs at the beginning, and the beginning is said to be the half of everything, so that even a small error in it is proportional to those in the other parts.
ὅλως δὲ αἱ τῶν γνωρίμων στάσεις συναπολαύειν ποιοῦσι καὶ τὴν ὅλην πόλιν, οἷον ἐν Ἑστιαίᾳ συνέβη μετὰ τὰ Μηδικά, δύο ἀδελφῶν περὶ τῆς πατρῴας νομῆς διενεχθέντων·
On the whole, the factions of the notables cause the whole city also to share in the consequences, as happened in Hestiaea after the Persian Wars, when two brothers disputed over the division of their paternal estate.
ὁ μὲν γὰρ ἀπορώτερος, ὡς οὐκ ἀποφαίνοντος τὴν οὐσίαν οὐδὲ τὸν θησαυρὸν ὃν εὗρεν ὁ πατήρ, προσηγάγετο τοὺς δημοτικούς, ὁ δʼ ἕτερος ἔχων οὐσίαν πολλὴν τοὺς εὐπόρους.
For the poorer one, on the ground that the other was not showing the property nor the treasure which their father had found, brought over the common people, while the other, possessing much property, brought over the wealthy.
καὶ ἐν Δελφοῖς ἐκ κηδείας γενομένης διαφορᾶς ἀρχὴ πασῶν ἐγένετο τῶν στάσεων τῶν ὕστερον·
And in Delphi, a dispute arising from a marriage alliance became the beginning of all the factions that occurred afterwards;