§4.1300aτοῦτο δὲ συμβαίνειν εἴωθεν ὅταν εὐπορία τις ᾖ μισθοῦ τοῖς ἐκκλησιάζουσιν· σχολάζοντες γὰρ συλλέγονταί τε πολλάκις καὶ ἅπαντα αὐτοὶ κρίνουσιν.
And this is accustomed to happen when some abundance of pay is provided for those who attend the assembly; for having leisure they gather together frequently and judge all things themselves.
παιδονόμος δὲ καὶ γυναικονόμος, καὶ εἴ τις ἄλλος ἄρχων κύριός ἐστι τοιαύτης ἐπιμελείας, ἀριστοκρατικόν, δημοκρατικὸν δʼ οὔ (πῶς γὰρ οἷόν τε κωλύειν ἐξιέναι τὰς τῶν ἀπόρων; ), οὐδʼ ὀλιγαρχικόν (τρυφῶσι γὰρ αἱ τῶν ὀλιγαρχούντων).
But the child-commissioner and woman-commissioner, and if there is any other officer who has authority over such supervision, is aristocratic, and not democratic (for how is it possible to prevent the wives of the poor from going out?), nor oligarchic (for the wives of those in the oligarchy live in luxury).
ἀλλὰ περὶ μὲν τούτων ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον εἰρήσθω νῦν, περὶ δὲ τὰς τῶν ἀρχῶν καταστάσεις πειρατέον ἐξ ἀρχῆς διελθεῖν.
But concerning these things let so much have been said for now; but concerning the appointments of offices we must try to go through them from the beginning.
εἰσὶ δʼ αἱ διαφοραὶ ἐν τρισὶν ὅροις, ὧν συντιθεμένων ἀναγκαῖον πάντας εἰλῆφθαι τοὺς τρόπους.
The differences lie in three terms, from the combination of which all the modes must necessarily be grasped.
ἔστι δὲ τῶν τριῶν τούτων ἓν μὲν τίνες οἱ καθιστάντες τὰς ἀρχάς, δεύτερον δὲ ἐκ τίνων, λοιπὸν δὲ τίνα τρόπον.
Of these three, one is who those are who appoint the offices, second from whom they are appointed, and lastly in what manner.
ἑκάστου δὲ τῶν τριῶν τούτων διαφοραὶ τρεῖς εἰσιν. ἢ γὰρ πάντες οἱ πολῖται καθιστᾶσιν ἢ τινές, καὶ ἢ ἐκ πάντων ἢ ἐκ τινῶν ἀφωρισμένων (οἷον ἢ τιμήματι ἢ γένει ἢ ἀρετῇ ἤ τινι τοιούτῳ ἄλλῳ, ὥσπερ ἐν Μεγάροις ἐκ τῶν συγκατελθόντων καὶ συμμαχεσαμένων πρὸς τὸν δῆμον)· καὶ ταῦτα ἢ αἱρέσει ἢ κλήρῳ (πάλιν ταῦτα συνδυαζόμενα, λέγω δὲ τὰς μὲν τινὲς τὰς δὲ πάντες, καὶ τὰς μὲν ἐκ πάντων τὰς δʼ ἐκ τινῶν, καὶ τὰς μὲν αἱρέσει τὰς δὲ κλήρῳ).
And of each of these three there are three differences: for either all the citizens appoint them or some, and either from all or from some defined persons (for instance, either by property-qualification or by birth or by virtue or by some other such thing, just as in Megara they were appointed from those who had returned together from exile and fought together against the democracy); and these either by election or by lot (again these being combined, I mean, some offices by some persons and others by all, and some from all and others from some, and some by election and others by lot).
τούτων δʼ ἑκάστης ἔσονται τῆς διαφορᾶς τρόποι τέσσαρες.
And of each of these differences there will be four modes.
ἢ γὰρ πάντες ἐκ πάντων αἱρέσει, ἢ πάντες ἐκ πάντων κλήρῳ—καί ἢ ἐξ ἁπάντων, ἢ ὡς ἀνὰ μέρος, οἷον κατὰ φυλὰς καὶ δήμους καὶ φατρίας, ἕως ἂν διέλθῃ διὰ πάντων τῶν πολιτῶν, ἢ ἀεὶ ἐξ ἁπάντων, —ἢ καὶ τὰ μὲν οὕτως τὰ δὲ ἐκείνως· πάλιν εἰ τινὲς οἱ καθιστάντες, ἢ ἐκ πάντων αἱρέσει ἢ ἐκ πάντων κλήρῳ, ἢ ἐκ τινῶν αἱρέσει ἢ ἐκ τινῶν κλήρῳ, ἢ τὰ μὲν οὕτως τὰ δὲ ἐκείνως, λέγω δὲ τὰ μὲν αἱρέσει τὰ δὲ κληρῷ καὶ τὰ μὲν ἐκ τινῶν αἱρέσει τὰ δὲ κληρῷ· ὥστε δώδεκα οἱ τρόποι γίνονται χωρὶς τῶν δύο συνδυασμῶν.
For either all appoint from all by election, or all from all by lot—and this either from all at once, or by turn, for instance, by tribes and demes and phratries, until it has gone through all the citizens, or always from all at once,—or some in the former way and others in the latter; again, if some are those who appoint, it is either from all by election or from all by lot, or from some by election or from some by lot, or some in the former way and others in the latter, I mean some by election and others by lot, and some from some by election and others by lot; so that twelve modes arise, excluding the two combinations.
τούτων δʼ αἱ μὲν τρεῖς καταστάσεις δημοτικαί, τὸ πάντας ἐκ πάντων αἱρέσει ἢ κλήρῳ ἢ ἀμφοῖν, τὰς μὲν κλήρῳ τὰς δʼ αἱρέσει τῶν ἀρχῶν·
Of these, three methods of appointment are democratic: namely, that all appoint from all by election or by lot or by both (some offices by lot and others by election).
τὸ δὲ μὴ πάντας ἅμα μὲν καθιστάναι, ἐξ ἁπάντων δʼ ἢ ἐκ τινῶν ἢ κλήρῳ ἢ αἱρέσει ἢ ἀμφοῖν, ἢ τὰς μὲν ἐκ πάντων τὰς δʼ ἐκ τινῶν ἀμφοῖν (τὸ δὲ ἀμφοῖν λέγω τὰς μὲν κλήρῳ τὰς δʼ αἱρέσει) πολιτικόν, καὶ τὸ τινὰς ἐκ πάντων ἢ αἱρέσει καθιστάναι ἢ κλήρῳ ἢ ἀμφοῖν (τὰς μὲν κλήρῳ τὰς δʼ αἱρέσει) ὀλιγαρχικόν· ὀλιγαρχικώτερον δὲ καὶ τὸ ἐξ ἀμφοῖν.
But for not all to appoint at the same time, yet from all or from some, either by lot or by election or by both, or some from all and others from some by both (by both I mean some by lot and others by election), is constitutional (polity); and for some to appoint from all either by election or by lot or by both (some by lot and others by election) is oligarchic; and to appoint from both is more oligarchic.
τὸ δὲ τὰς μὲν ἐκ πάντων τὰς δʼ ἐκ τινῶν πολιτικὸν ἀριστοκρατικῶς,
But to appoint some from all and others from some is constitutionally aristocratic.