§4.1298aδεύτερον δὲ τὸ περὶ τὰς ἀρχάς, τοῦτο δʼ ἐστὶ τίνας δεῖ καὶ τίνων εἶναι κυρίας, καὶ ποίαν τινὰ δεῖ γίνεσθαι τὴν αἵρεσιν αὐτῶν, τρίτον δέ τί τὸ δικάζον.
Secondly, the part concerning the offices, and this is: which offices there should be, what they should have authority over, and what kind of selection of them there should be. And thirdly, the judicial part.
κύριον δʼ ἐστὶ τὸ βουλευόμενον περὶ πολέμου καὶ εἰρήνης, καὶ συμμαχίας καὶ διαλύσεως, καὶ περὶ νόμων, καὶ περὶ θανάτου καὶ φυγῆς καὶ δημεύσεως, καὶ περὶ ἀρχῶν αἱρέσεως καὶ τῶν εὐθυνῶν.
The deliberative part has authority over war and peace, and alliance and its dissolution, and over laws, and over death, exile, and confiscation, and over the selection of offices and audits.
ἀναγκαῖον δʼ ἤτοι πᾶσι τοῖς πολίταις ἀποδίδοσθαι πάσας ταύτας τὰς κρίσεις ἢ τισὶ πάσας (οἷον ἀρχῇ τινὶ μιᾷ ἢ πλείοσιν, ἢ ἑτέραις ἑτέρας) ἢ τινὰς μὲν αὐτῶν πᾶσι τινὰς δὲ τισίν.
It is necessary either that all these decisions be assigned to all citizens, or all to some (for instance, to some single office or to more, or different decisions to different offices), or some of them to all, and some to some.
τὸ μὲν οὖν πάντας καὶ περὶ ἁπάντων δημοτικόν· τὴν τοιαύτην γὰρ ἰσότητα ζητεῖ ὁ δῆμος.
Now, that all deliberate about all matters is democratic; for the people seek this kind of equality.
εἰσὶ δὲ οἱ τρόποι τοῦ πάντας πλείους, εἷς μὲν τὸ κατὰ μέρος ἀλλὰ μὴ πάντας ἀθρόους (ὥσπερ ἐν τῇ πολιτείᾳ τῇ Τηλεκλέους ἐστὶ τοῦ Μιλησίου·
And the ways in which 'all' deliberate are several.
καὶ ἐν ἄλλαις δὲ πολιτείαις βουλεύονται αἱ συναρχίαι συνιοῦσαι, εἰς δὲ τὰς ἀρχὰς βαδίζουσι πάντες κατὰ μέρος ἐκ τῶν φυλῶν καὶ τῶν μορίων τῶν ἐλαχίστων παντελῶς, ἕως ἂν διεξέλθῃ διὰ πάντων), συνιέναι δὲ μόνον περί τε νόμων θέσεως καὶ τῶν περὶ τῆς πολιτείας, καὶ τὰ παραγγελλόμενα ἀκουσομένους ὑπὸ τῶν ἀρχόντων·
One indeed is that they do so by turns and not all in a body (just as is the case in the constitution of Telecles of Miletus; and in other constitutions the boards of magistrates meet to deliberate, while all enter into the offices by turns from the tribes and from the very smallest subdivisions, until it has gone through all), and they meet only for the enactment of laws and for constitutional matters, and to hear the announcements made by the magistrates.
ἄλλος δὲ τρόπος τὸ πάντας ἀθρόους, συνιέναι δὲ μόνον πρός τε τὰς ἀρχαιρεσίας καὶ πρὸς τὰς νομοθεσίας καὶ περὶ πολέμου καὶ εἰρήνης καὶ πρὸς εὐθύνας, τὰ δʼ ἄλλα τὰς ἀρχὰς βουλεύεσθαι τὰς ἐφʼ ἑκάστοις τεταγμένας, αἱρετὰς οὔσας ἐξ ἁπάντων ἢ κληρωτάς·
Another way is that all meet in a body, but only for the election of magistrates, for legislation, concerning war and peace, and for audits, while the offices appointed for each of these matters deliberate on other things, being elective from all or by lot.
ἄλλος δὲ τρόπος τὸ περὶ τὰς ἀρχὰς καὶ τὰς εὐθύνας ἀπαντᾶν τοὺς πολίτας, καὶ περὶ πολέμου βουλευσομένους καὶ συμμαχίας, τὰ δʼ ἄλλα τὰς ἀρχὰς διοικεῖν αἱρετὰς οὔσας, ὅσας ἐνδέχεται, τοιαῦται δʼ εἰσὶν ὅσας ἄρχειν ἀναγκαῖον τοὺς ἐπισταμένους·
Another way is that the citizens meet concerning the offices and audits, and to deliberate about war and alliance, while other matters are administered by offices which are elective, as many as possible, and these are such as must be ruled by those who have expert knowledge.
τέταρτος δὲ τρόπος τὸ πάντας περὶ πάντων βουλεύεσθαι συνιόντας, τὰς δʼ ἀρχὰς περὶ μηθενὸς κρίνειν ἀλλὰ μόνον προανακρίνειν, ὅνπερ ἡ τελευταία δημοκρατία νῦν διοικεῖται τρόπον, ἣν ἀνάλογόν φαμεν εἶναι ὀλιγαρχίᾳ τε δυναστευτικῇ καὶ μοναρχίᾳ τυραννικῇ.
A fourth way is that all meet and deliberate about all things, and the offices decide about nothing but only conduct preliminary examinations, which is the way the ultimate democracy of today is administered, which we say is analogous to a dynastic oligarchy and a tyrannical monarchy.
οὗτοι μὲν οὖν οἱ τρόποι δημοκρατικοὶ πάντες, τὸ δὲ τινὰς περὶ πάντων ὀλιγαρχικόν.
These ways, then, are all democratic, but that some deliberate about all things is oligarchic.
ἔχει δὲ καὶ τοῦτο διαφορὰς πλείους.
And this also has several differences.
ὅταν μὲν γὰρ ἀπὸ τιμημάτων μετριωτέρων αἱρετοί τε ὦσι καὶ πλείους διὰ τὴν μετριότητα τοῦ τιμήματος, καὶ περὶ ὧν ὁ νόμος ἀπαγορεύει μὴ κινῶσιν ἀλλʼ ἀκολουθῶσι, καὶ ἐξῇ κτωμένῳ τὸ τίμημα μετέχειν, ὀλιγαρχία μὲν πολιτικὴ δέ ἐστιν ἡ τοιαύτη διὰ τὸ μετριάζειν·
For when they are elected on the basis of moderate property qualifications, and are more numerous because of the moderateness of the qualification, and they do not make changes where the law forbids but follow it, and it is open to anyone who acquires the qualification to participate, such a constitution is indeed an oligarchy, yet a constitutional one, because of its moderation.
ὅταν δὲ μὴ πάντες τοῦ βουλεύεσθαι μετέχωσιν ἀλλʼ πρόκριτοι,
But when not all participate in deliberating, but selected persons,