§3.1288aἀλλʼ ἐκ τῶν εἰρημένων γε φανερὸν ὡς ἐν μὲν τοῖς ὁμοίοις καὶ ἴσοις οὔτε συμφέρον ἐστὶν οὔτε δίκαιον ἕνα κύριον εἶναι πάντων, οὔτε μὴ νόμων ὄντων, ἀλλʼ ὡς αὐτὸν ὄντα νόμον, οὔτε νόμων ὄντων, οὔτε ἀγαθὸν ἀγαθῶν οὔτε μὴ ἀγαθῶν μὴ ἀγαθόν, οὐδʼ ἂν κατʼ ἀρετὴν ἀμείνων ᾖ, εἰ μὴ τρόπον τινά.
But from what has been said, at least, it is clear that among those who are similar and equal, it is neither expedient nor just for one person to be sovereign over all, neither when there are no laws (but he himself acts as a law) nor when there are laws, nor for a good man to rule over good men, nor a non-good man over non-good men, not even if he is better in respect of virtue, except in a certain way.
τίς δʼ ὁ τρόπος, λεκτέον· εἴρηται δέ πως ἤδη καὶ πρότερον.
What this way is must be told; and indeed it has also been stated in some way previously.
πρῶτον δὲ διοριστέον τί τὸ βασιλευτὸν καὶ τί τὸ ἀριστοκρατικὸν καὶ τί τὸ πολιτικόν.
First, we must define what is fit for kingship, what is fit for aristocracy, and what is fit for constitutional rule.
βασιλευτὸν μὲν οὖν τὸ τοιοῦτόν ἐστι πλῆθος ὃ πέφυκε φέρειν γένος ὑπερέχον κατʼ ἀρετὴν πρὸς ἡγεμονίαν πολιτικήν, ἀριστοκρατικὸν δὲ ὃ πέφυκε φέρειν πλῆθος ἄρχεσθαι δυνάμενον τὴν τῶν ἐλευθέρων ἀρχὴν ὑπὸ τῶν κατʼ ἀρετὴν ἡγεμονικῶν πρὸς πολιτικὴν ἀρχήν, πολιτικὸν δὲ ἐν ᾧ πέφυκεν ἐγγίνεσθαι πλῆθος πολεμικὸν δυνάμενον ἄρχεσθαι καὶ ἄρχειν κατὰ νόμον τὸν κατʼ ἀξίαν διανέμοντα τοῖς εὐπόροις τὰς ἀρχάς.
A multitude fit for kingship, then, is one of such a kind as is naturally suited to produce a family preeminent in virtue for political leadership. One fit for aristocracy is a multitude naturally suited to bear being ruled with the rule of free men by those who are capable of leadership in virtue for political rule. One fit for constitutional rule is one in which there is naturally produced a military multitude capable of being ruled and of ruling according to a law that distributes offices to the well-to-do according to merit.
ὅταν οὖν ἢ γένος ὅλον ἢ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἕνα τινὰ συμβῇ διαφέροντα γενέσθαι κατʼ ἀρετὴν τοσοῦτον ὥσθʼ ὑπερέχειν τὴν ἐκείνου τῆς τῶν ἄλλων πάντων, τότε δίκαιον τὸ γένος εἶναι τοῦτο βασιλικὸν καὶ κύριον πάντων, καὶ βασιλέα τὸν ἕνα τοῦτον.
Therefore, when it happens that either an entire family or even some one of the others comes to be so outstanding in virtue that his virtue exceeds that of all the rest, then it is just for this family to be royal and sovereign over all, and for this one person to be king.
καθάπερ γὰρ εἴρηται πρότερον, οὐ μόνον οὕτως ἔχει κατὰ τὸ δίκαιον ὃ προφέρειν εἰώθασιν οἱ τὰς πολιτείας καθιστάντες, οἵ τε τὰς ἀριστοκρατικὰς καὶ οἱ τὰς ὀλιγαρχικὰς καὶ πάλιν οἱ τὰς δημοκρατικάς (πάντες γὰρ καθʼ ὑπεροχὴν ἀξιοῦσιν, ἀλλὰ ὑπεροχὴν οὐ τὴν αὐτήν), ἀλλὰ καὶ κατὰ τὸ πρότερον λεχθέν.
For as was said before, not only does this hold true according to the justice which those who establish constitutions (both those who establish aristocracies and those who establish oligarchies, and again those who establish democracies) are accustomed to put forward—for they all claim the right to rule on the basis of preeminence, though not the same preeminence—but it also holds true according to what was said previously.
οὔτε γὰρ κτείνειν ἢ φυγαδεύειν οὐδʼ ὀστρακίζειν δή που τὸν τοιοῦτον πρέπον ἐστίν, οὔτʼ ἀξιοῦν ἄρχεσθαι κατὰ μέρος· οὐ γὰρ πέφυκε τὸ μέρος ὑπερέχειν τοῦ παντός, τῷ δὲ τὴν τηλικαύτην ὑπερβολὴν ἔχοντι τοῦτο συμβέβηκεν.
For it is surely not proper either to kill or banish or ostracize such a person, nor to demand that he be ruled in turn; for it is not natural for the part to exceed the whole, but this has happened in the case of the one who has such a great superiority.
ὥστε λείπεται μόνον τὸ πείθεσθαι τῷ τοιούτῳ καὶ κύριον εἶναι μὴ κατὰ μέρος τοῦτον ἀλλʼ ἁπλῶς.
So that there remains only to obey such a person and for him to be sovereign not in turn but absolutely.
περὶ μὲν οὖν βασιλείας, τίνας ἔχει διαφοράς, καὶ πότερον οὐ συμφέρει ταῖς πόλεσιν ἢ συμφέρει, καὶ τίσι, καὶ πῶς, διωρίσθω τὸν τρόπον τοῦτον.
Regarding kingship, then, what differences it has, and whether it is not expedient for cities or is expedient, and for whom, and how, let it be defined in this manner.
ἐπεὶ δὲ τρεῖς φαμεν εἶναι τὰς ὀρθὰς πολιτείας, τούτων δʼ ἀναγκαῖον ἀρίστην εἶναι τὴν ὑπὸ τῶν ἀρίστων οἰκονομουμένην, τοιαύτη δʼ ἐστὶν ἐν ᾗ συμβέβηκεν ἢ ἕνα τινὰ συμπάντων ἢ γένος ὅλον ἢ πλῆθος ὑπερέχον εἶναι κατʼ ἀρετήν, τῶν μὲν ἄρχεσθαι δυναμένων τῶν δʼ ἄρχειν πρὸς τὴν αἱρετωτάτην ζωήν, ἐν δὲ τοῖς πρώτοις ἐδείχθη λόγοις ὅτι τὴν αὐτὴν ἀναγκαῖον ἀνδρὸς ἀρετὴν εἶναι καὶ πολίτου τῆς πόλεως τῆς ἀρίστης, φανερὸν ὅτι τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον καὶ διὰ τῶν αὐτῶν ἀνήρ τε γίνεται σπουδαῖος καὶ πόλιν συστήσειεν ἄν τις ἀριστοκρατουμένην ἢ βασιλευομένην, §3.1288bὥστʼ ἔσται καὶ παιδεία καὶ ἔθη ταὐτὰ σχεδὸν τὰ ποιοῦντα σπουδαῖον ἄνδρα καὶ τὰ ποιοῦντα πολιτικὸν καὶ βασιλικόν.
And since we say that there are three correct constitutions, and of these the best must necessarily be the one administered by the best men, and such is the one in which it has happened that either some one person of all, or an entire family, or a multitude is preeminent in virtue, with some being capable of being ruled and others of ruling for the most desirable life, and since it was shown in the first discourses that the virtue of a man and that of a citizen of the best city must necessarily be the same, it is clear that in the same manner and through the same means both a man becomes excellent and one would establish a city ruled by an aristocracy or by a king, so that both the education and the habits that make an excellent man will be pretty much the same as those that make a statesman and a king.
διωρισμένων δὲ τούτων περὶ τῆς πολιτείας ἤδη πειρατέον λέγειν τῆς ἀρίστης, τίνα πέφυκε γίγνεσθαι τρόπον καὶ καθίστασθαι πῶς.
Now that these things have been defined, we must already try to speak about the best constitution, in what way it is naturally suited to come into being and how to be established.