§8.6#2ἔκ τε δὴ τούτων πιστεύσειεν ἄν
τις εἶναί τι πρῶτον ἀκίνητον, καὶ πάλιν ἐπιβλέψας ἐπὶ τὰς ἀρχάς.
From these considerations, then, and by looking back again at the principles, one might believe that there is some first unmoved mover.
τὸ μὲν δὴ εἶναι ἄττα τῶν ὄντων ἃ ὁτὲ μὲν κινεῖται ὁτὲ δὲ ἠρεμεῖ φανερόν.
Indeed, that some of existing things are sometimes in motion and sometimes at rest is clear.
καὶ διὰ τούτου γέγονε δῆλον ὅτι οὔτε πάντα κινεῖται οὔτε πάντα ἠρεμεῖ οὔτε τὰ μὲν ἀεὶ ἠρεμεῖ τὰ δὲ ἀεὶ κινεῖται·
And through this, it has become clear that neither are all things in motion, nor are all things at rest, nor do some always rest while others always move.
τὰ γὰρ ἐπαμφοτερίζοντα καὶ δύναμιν ἔχοντα τοῦ κινεῖσθαι καὶ ἠρεμεῖν δείκνυσιν περὶ αὐτῶν.
For those things which admit of both states and have the capacity both to be moved and to be at rest show this concerning them.
ἐπεὶ δὲ τὰ μὲν τοιαῦτα δῆλα πᾶσι, βουλόμεθα δὲ δεῖξαι καὶ τοῖν δυοῖν ἑκατέρου τὴν φύσιν, ὅτι ἔστιν τὰ μὲν ἀεὶ ἀκίνητα τὰ δὲ ἀεὶ κινούμενα, προϊόντες δʼ ἐπὶ τοῦτο καὶ θέντες ἅπαν τὸ κινούμενον ὑπό τινος κινεῖσθαι, καὶ τοῦτʼ εἶναι ἢ ἀκίνητον ἢ κινούμενον, καὶ κινούμενον ἢ ὑφ᾿ αὐτοῦ ἢ ὑπʼ ἄλλου ἀεί.
But while such things are clear to everyone, and we wish to show also the nature of each of the two, namely, that there are some things that are always unmoved and others always in motion, proceeding to this and having posited that everything that is in motion is moved by something, and that this is either unmoved or in motion, and if in motion, always either by itself or by another.
προήλθομεν ἐπὶ τὸ λαβεῖν ὅτι τῶν κινουμένων ἐστὶν ἀρχὴ κινουμένων μὲν ὁ αὐτὸ ἑαυτὸ κινεῖ, πάντων δὲ τὸ ἀκίνητον, ὁρῶμεν δὲ καὶ φανερῶς ὄντα τοιαῦτα ἃ κινεῖ αὐτὰ ἑαυτά, οἷον τὸ τῶν ἐμψύχων καὶ τὸ τῶν ζῴων γένος, ταῦτα δὲ καὶ δόξαν παρεῖχε μή ποτε ἐνδέχεται κίνησιν ἐγγίγνεσθαι μὴ οὖσαν ὅλως, διὰ τὸ ἐν τούτοις ὁρᾶν ἡμᾶς τοῦτο συμβαῖνον (ἀκίνητα γάρ ποτε ὄντα κινεῖται πάλιν, ὡς δοκεῖ, τοῦτο δὴ δεῖ λαβεῖν, ὅτι μίαν κίνησιν αὐτὰ κινεῖ, καὶ ὅτι ταύτην οὐ κυρίως·
We advanced to the grasp that of things in motion, the principle among things in motion is that which moves itself, but of all things, the unmoved. And we also see clearly that there exist such things that move themselves, as the class of ensouled things and of animals. And these also afforded the opinion that perhaps it is possible for motion to arise when it did not exist at all, because we see this happening in them (for being once unmoved they move again, as it seems). But this we must grasp, that they move only one motion, and that they do not do so in the strict sense.
οὐ γὰρ ἐξ αὐτοῦ τὸ αἴτιον, ἀλλʼ ἔνεισιν ἄλλαι κινήσεις φυσικαὶ τοῖς ζῴοις, ἃς οὐ κινοῦνται διʼ αὐτῶν, οἷον αὔξησις φθίσις ἀναπνοή, ἃς κινεῖται τῶν ζῴων ἕκαστον ἠρεμοῦν καὶ οὐ κινούμενον τὴν ὑφ᾿ αὑτοῦ κίνησιν.
For the cause is not from itself, but there are other natural motions in animals, which they do not move through themselves, such as growth, decay, and respiration, which each of the animals moves while being at rest and not being moved in the motion caused by itself.
τούτου δʼ αἴτιον τὸ περιέχον καὶ πολλὰ τῶν εἰσιόντων, οἷον ἐνίων ἡ τροφή·
And the cause of this is the environment and many of the things that enter, such as food in the case of some.
πεττομένης μὲν γὰρ καθεύδουσιν, διακρινομένης δʼ ἐγείρονται καὶ κινοῦσιν ἑαυτούς, τῆς πρώτης ἀρχῆς ἔξωθεν οὔσης, διὸ οὐκ ἀεὶ κινοῦνται συνεχῶς ὑφʼ αὑτῶν·
For while it is being digested they sleep, but when it is distributed they wake up and move themselves, the first principle being from without; wherefore they are not always continuously moved by themselves.
ἄλλο γὰρ τὸ κινοῦν, αὐτὸ κινούμενον καὶ μεταβάλλον πρὸς ἕκαστον τῶν κινούντων ἑαυτά.
For that which moves is another thing, which is itself in motion and changes in relation to each of the things that move themselves.
ἐν πᾶσι δὲ τούτοις κινεῖται τὸ κινοῦν πρῶτον καὶ τὸ αἴτιον τοῦ αὐτὸ ἑαυτὸ κινεῖν ὑφ᾿ αὐτοῦ, κατὰ συμβεβηκὸς μέντοι·
And in all these cases, the first mover and the cause of its moving itself is moved by itself, but only accidentally.
μεταβάλλει γὰρ τὸν τόπον τὸ σῶμα, ὥστε καὶ τὸ ἐν τῷ σώματι ἂν καὶ τῇ μοχλείᾳ κινοῦν ἑαυτό.
For the body changes its place, so that what is in the body and moves itself as by leverage also changes its place.
ἐξ ὧν ἔστιν πιστεῦσαι ὅτι εἴ
ἐστι τῶν ἀκινήτων μὲν κινούντων δὲ καὶ αὐτὰ κατὰ συμβεβηκός, ἀδύνατον συνεχῆ κίνησιν κινεῖν, ὥστʼ εἴπερ ἀνάγκη συνεχῶς εἶναι κίνησιν, εἶναί τι δεῖ τὸ πρῶτον κινοῦν ἀκίνητον καὶ κατὰ συμβεβηκός, εἰ μέλλει, καθάπερ εἴπομεν, ἔσεσθαι ἐν τοῖς οὖσιν ἄπαυστός τις καὶ ἀθάνατος κίνησις, καὶ μενεῖν τὸ ὂν αὐτὸ ἐν αὐτῷ καὶ ἐν τῷ αὐτῶ·
From which we may believe that if there is anything among unmoved but moving things that is itself accidentally in motion, it is impossible for it to cause continuous motion. So that if it is necessary that there should be continuous motion, there must be some first mover which is unmoved even accidentally, if there is to be, as we said, an unceasing and immortal motion among existing things, and if being itself is to remain in itself and in the same state.
τῆς γὰρ ἀρχῆς μενούσης ἀνάγκη καὶ τὸ πᾶν μένειν συνεχὲς ὂν πρὸς τὴν ἀρχήν.
For if the principle remains, the whole universe must also remain, being continuous with the principle.
οὐκ ἔστιν δὲ τὸ αὐτὸ τὸ κινεῖσθαι κατὰ συμβεβηκὸς ὑφʼ αὐτοῦ καὶ ὑφʼ ἑτέρου·
But to be moved accidentally by oneself is not the same as to be moved accidentally by another.
τὸ μὲν γὰρ ὑφʼ ἑτέρου ὑπάρχει καὶ τῶν ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ ἐνίαις ἀρχαῖς, ὅσα πλείους φέρεται φοράς, θάτερον δὲ τοῖς φθαρτοῖς μόνον.
For the latter, being moved by another, belongs even to some of the principles in heaven, namely those that are carried through multiple movements, while the former belongs to perishable things alone.
ἀλλὰ μὴν εἴ γε ἔστιν τι ἀεὶ τοιοῦτον, κινοῦν μέν τι ἀκίνητον δὲ αὐτὸ καὶ ἀΐδιον, ἀνάγκη καὶ τὸ πρῶτον ὑπὸ τούτου κινούμενον ἀΐδιον εἶναι.
But indeed, if there is always something of this kind, which moves something but is itself unmoved and eternal, that which is first moved by this must also be eternal.
ἔστιν δὲ τοῦτο δῆλον μὲν καὶ ἐκ τοῦ μὴ ἂν ἄλλως εἶναι γένεσιν καὶ φθορὰν καὶ μεταβολὴν τοῖς ἄλλοις, εἰ μή τι κινήσει κινούμενον·
And this is clear also from the fact that there could not otherwise be generation, corruption, and change in other things, unless there is to be something that will cause motion while being itself in motion.
τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἀκίνητον ἀεὶ τὸν αὐτὸν κινήσει τρόπον καὶ μίαν κίνησιν, ἅτε οὐδὲν αὐτὸ μεταβάλλον πρὸς τὸ κινούμενον.
For the unmoved will always cause motion in the same manner and cause one motion, since it itself changes in no way in relation to that which is moved.
τὸ δὲ κινούμενον ὑπὸ τοῦ κινουμένου μέν, ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀκινήτου δὲ κινουμένου ἤδη, διὰ τὸ ἄλλως καὶ ἄλλως ἔχειν πρὸς τὰ πράγματα, οὐ τῆς αὐτῆς ἔσται κινήσεως αἴτιον, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὸ ἐν ἐναντίοις εἶναι τόποις ἢ εἴδεσιν ἐναντίως παρέξεται κινούμενον ἕκαστον τῶν ἄλλων, καὶ ὁτὲ μὲν ἠρεμοῦν ὁτὲ δὲ κινούμενον.
But that which is moved by something in motion—this being-moved already caused by the unmoved—because of its having different relations to things, will not be the cause of the same motion, but because of its being in opposite places or forms, it will cause each of the other things to be moved in opposite ways, and to be sometimes at rest and sometimes in motion.
φανερὸν δὴ γέγονεν ἐκ τῶν εἰρημένων καὶ ὁ κατʼ ἀρχὰς ἠποροῦμεν, τί δή ποτε οὐ πάντα ἢ κινεῖται ἢ ἠρεμεῖ, ἢ τὰ μὲν κινεῖται ἀεὶ τὰ δʼ ἀεὶ ἠρεμεῖ, ἀλλʼ ἔνια ὁτὲ μὲν ὁτὲ δʼ οὔ.
It has indeed become clear from what has been said also what we were puzzled about at the beginning: why on earth is it that not all things are either in motion or at rest, or some always in motion and others always at rest, but some are sometimes in motion and sometimes not.
τούτου γὰρ τὸ αἴτιον δῆλόν ἐστι νῦν, ὅτι τὰ μὲν ὑπὸ ἀκινήτου κινεῖται ἀϊδίου, διὸ ἀεὶ κινεῖται, τὰ δʼ ὑπὸ κινουμένου καὶ μεταβάλλοντος, ὥστε καὶ αὐτὰ ἀναγκαῖον μεταβάλλειν.
For the cause of this is now clear: some things are moved by an eternal unmoved thing, wherefore they always move, while others are moved by what is in motion and changing, so that they too must necessarily change.
τὸ δʼ ἀκίνητον, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, ἅτε ἀπλῶς καὶ ὡσαύτως καὶ ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ διαμένον, μίαν καὶ ἀπλῆν κινήσει κίνησιν.
And the unmoved, as has been said, since it remains absolutely, in the same manner, and in the same state, will cause one and simple motion.