§8.5#3ἀλλὰ
μὴν οὐδὲ τοῦ πρώτως αὐτὸ αὑτὸ κινοῦντος οὔτε ἓν μόριον οὔτε πλείω κινήσει αὐτὸ αὑτὸ ἕκαστον.
But indeed, neither of that which primarily moves itself will either one part or several parts move each itself.
τὸ γὰρ ὅλον εἰ κινεῖται αὐτὸ ὑφʼ αὑτοῦ, ἤτοι ὑπὸ τῶν αὐτοῦ τινὸς κινήσεται ἢ ὅλον ὑφʼ ὅλου.
For if the whole is moved by itself, it will either be moved by some of its parts or the whole by the whole.
εἰ μὲν οὖν τῷ κινεῖσθαί τι μόριον αὐτὸ ὑφʼ αὑτοῦ, τοῦτʼ ἂν εἴη τὸ πρῶτον αὐτὸ αὑτὸ κινοῦν (χωρισθὲν γὰρ τοῦτο μὲν κινήσει αὐτὸ αὑτό, τὸ δὲ ὅλον οὐκέτι)·
If, then, it is by some part being moved by itself, this would be that which primarily moves itself (for if this is separated, it indeed will move itself, but the whole no longer).
εἰ δὲ ὅλον ὑφʼ ὅλου κινεῖται, κατὰ συμβεβηκὸς ἂν ταῦτα κινοῖ αὐτὰ ἑαυτά.
But if the whole is moved by the whole, these parts would move themselves accidentally.
ὥστε εἰ μὴ ἀναγκαῖον, εἰλήφθω μὴ κινούμενα ὑφʼ αὐτῶν.
Therefore, since it is not necessary, let it be assumed that they are not moved by themselves.
τῆς ὅλης ἄρα τὸ μὲν κινήσει ἀκίνητον ὄν τὸ δὲ κινηθήσεται· μόνως γὰρ οὕτως οἶόν τέ τι αὐτοκίνητον εἶναι.
Therefore, of the whole, one part will move, being unmoved, and the other will be moved; for only in this way is it possible for something to be self-moved.
ἔτι εἴπερ ἡ ὅλη αὐτὴ αὐτὴν κινεῖ, τὸ μὲν κινήσει αὐτῆς, τὸ δὲ κινήσεται.
Furthermore, if the whole moves itself, one part of it will move and the other will be moved.
ἡ ἄρα ΑΒ ὑφʼ αὑτῆς τε κινηθήσεται καὶ ὑπὸ τῆς Α.
ἐπεὶ δὲ κινεῖ τὸ μὲν κινούμενον ὑπʼ ἄλλου τὸ δʼ ἀκίνητον
ὄν, καὶ κινεῖται τὸ μὲν κινοῦν τὸ δὲ οὐδὲν κινοῦν, τὸ αὐτὸ αὐτὸ κινοῦν ἀνάγκη ἐξ ἀκινήτου εἶναι κινοῦντος δέ, καὶ ἔτι ἐκ κινουμένου μὴ κινοῦντος δʼ ἐξ ἀνάγκης, ἀλλʼ ὁπότερʼ ἔτυχεν.
Therefore, AB will be moved both by itself and by A. And since that which moves is either moved by another or is unmoved, and that which is moved either moves something or moves nothing, that which moves itself must consist of an unmoved but moving part, and further of a moved part which does not of necessity move, but as it happens.
ἔστω γὰρ τὸ Α κινοῦν μὲν ἀκίνητον δέ, τὸ δὲ Β κινούμενόν τε ὑπὸ τοῦ Α καὶ κινοῦν τὸ ἐφʼ ᾧ Γ, τοῦτο δὲ κινούμενον μὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ Β, μὴ κινοῦν δὲ μηδέν· εἴπερ γὰρ καὶ διὰ πλειόνων ἥξει ποτὲ εἰς τὸ Γ, ἔστω δʼ ἑνὸς μόνου.
For let A be moving but unmoved, B be both moved by A and moving C, and this latter [C] be moved by B but moving nothing (for even if it will arrive at C through several intermediates, let it be through only one).
τὸ δὴ ἅπαν ΑΒΓ αὐτὸ ἑαυτὸ κινεῖ.
Then the whole ABC moves itself.
ἀλλʼ ἐὰν ἀφέλω τὸ Γ, τὸ μὲν ΑΒ κινήσει αὐτὸ ἑαυτό, τὸ μὲν Α κινοῦν τὸ δὲ Β κινούμενον, τὸ δὲ Γ οὐ κινήσει αὐτὸ ἑαυτό, οὐδʼ ὅλως κινήσεται.
But if I take away C, AB will move itself (A being the mover and B the moved), but C will not move itself, nor will it be moved at all.
ἀλλὰ μὴν οὐδʼ ἡ ΒΓ κινήσει αὐτὴ ἑαυτὴν ἄνευ τοῦ Α· τὸ γὰρ Β κινεῖ τῷ κινεῖσθαι ὑπʼ ἄλλου, οὐ τῷ ὑφʼ αὐτοῦ τινὸς μέρους.
But indeed, neither will BC move itself without A; for B moves by being moved by another, not by some part of itself.
τὸ ἄρα ΑΒ μόνον αὐτὸ ἑαυτὸ κινεῖ.
Therefore, AB alone moves itself.
ἀνάγκη ἄρα τὸ αὐτὸ ἑαυτὸ κινοῦν ἔχειν τὸ κινοῦν ἀκίνητον δέ, καὶ τὸ κινούμενον μηδὲν δὲ κινοῦν ἐξ ἀνάγκης, ἁπτόμενα ἤτοι ἄμφω ἀλλήλων ἢ θατέρου θάτερον.
Therefore, that which moves itself must have the mover unmoved, and the moved part of necessity moving nothing, both of them either touching each other or one touching the other.
εἰ μὲν οὖν συνεχές ἐστι τὸ κινοῦν (τὸ μὲν γὰρ κινούμενον ἀναγκαῖον εἶναι συνεχές), ἅψεται ἑκάτερον ἑκατέρου.
If, then, the mover is continuous (for the moved must be continuous), each will touch each.
δῆλον δὴ ὅτι τὸ πᾶν αὐτὸ ἑαυτὸ κινεῖ οὐτῷ αὐτοῦ τι εἶναι τιοῦτον οἶον αὐτὸ αὐτὸ κινεῖν, ἀλλʼ ὅλον κινεῖ αὐτὸ ἑαυτό, κινούμενόν τε καὶ κινοῦν τῷ αὐτοῦ τι εἶναι τὸ κινοῦν καὶ τὸ κινούμενον.
It is clear, then, that the whole moves itself not because some part of it is such as to move itself, but the whole moves itself, both being moved and moving because a part of it is the mover and a part is the moved.
οὐ γὰρ ὅλον κινεῖ οὐδʼ ὅλον κινεῖται, ἀλλὰ κινεῖ μὲν ἡ τὸ Α, κινεῖται δὲ ἡ τὸ Β μόνον.
For it is not the whole that moves nor the whole that is moved, but A moves, and B alone is moved.
ἀπορίαν
δʼ ἔχει, ἐὰν ἀφείῃ τις ἢ τῆς Α, εἰ συνεχὲς τὸ κινοῦν μὲν ἀκίνητον δέ, ἢ τῆς Β τῆς κινουμένης· ἡ λοιπὴ ἆρα κινήσει τῆς Α ἢ τῆς Β κινηθήσεται;
But it presents a difficulty if someone takes away something either from A, if the unmoved mover is continuous, or from the moved B; will the remaining part of A move, or will the remaining part of B be moved?
εἰ γὰρ τοῦτο, οὐκ ἂν εἴη πρώτως κινουμένη ὑφʼ αὑτῆς ἡ τὸ ΑΒ. ἀφαιρεθείσης γὰρ ἀπὸ τῆς ΑΒ, ἔτι κινήσει αὐτὴν ἡ λοιπὴ ΑΒ. ἢ δυνάμει μὲν ἑκάτερον οὐδὲν κωλύει ἢ θάτερον, τὸ κινούμενον, διαιρετὸν εἶναι, ἐντελεχείᾳ δʼ ἀδιαίρετον·
For if this is so, AB would not be primarily moved by itself; for if something is taken away from AB, the remaining AB will still move itself.
ἐὰν δὲ διαιρεθῇ, μηκέτι εἶναι ἔχον τὴν αὐτὴν φύσιν· ὥστʼ οὐδὲν κωλύει ἐν διαιρετοῖς δυνάμει πρώτως ἐνεῖναι.
Or does nothing prevent each, or one of them (the moved part), from being divisible potentially, but indivisible in actuality (and if it is divided, it no longer has the same nature; so that nothing prevents it from being primarily present in things that are potentially divisible)?
φανερὸν τοίνυν ἐκ τούτων ὅτι ἔστιν τὸ πρώτως κινοῦν ἀκίνητον· εἴτε γὰρ εὐθὺς ἵσταται τὸ κινούμενον, ὑπό τινος δὲ κινούμενον, εἰς ἀκίνητον τὸ πρῶτον, εἴτε εἰς κινούμενον μέν, αὐτὸ δʼ αὑτὸ κινοῦν καὶ ἱστάν, ἀμφοτέρως συμβαίνει τὸ πρώτως κινοῦν ἅπασιν εἶναι τοῖς κινουμένοις ἀκίνητον.
It is clear, then, from these things that the primarily mover is unmoved; for whether the moved (being moved by something) stops immediately at the first unmoved, or at a moved thing which moves and stops itself, in both cases it turns out for all moved things that the primarily mover is unmoved.