§8.4#1Γῶν δὴ κινούντων καὶ κινουμένων τὰ μὲν κατὰ συμβεβηκὸς κινεῖ καὶ κινεῖται, τὰ δὲ καθʼ αὐτά, κατὰ συμβεβηκὸς μὲν οἷον ὅσα τε τῷ ὑπάρχειν τοῖς κινοῦσιν ἢ κινουμένοις καὶ τὰ κατὰ μόριον, τὰ δὲ καθʼ αὐτά, ὅσα μὴ τῷ ὑπάρχειν τῷ κινοῦντι ἢ τῷ κινουμένῳ, μηδὲ τῷ μόριόν τι αὐτῶν κινεῖν ἢ κινεῖσθαι.
Of things that cause motion and things that are moved, some cause motion and are moved accidentally, and others essentially. Accidentally, for instance, both all those that belong to the movers or things moved and those in respect of a part; and essentially, all those that do not do so by belonging to the mover or the thing moved, nor by any part of them causing motion or being moved.
τῶν δὲ καθʼ αὐτὰ τὰ μὲν ὑφʼ ἑαυτοῦ τὰ δʼ ὐηʼ ἄλλου, καὶ τὰ μὲν φύσει τὰ δὲ βίᾳ καὶ παρὰ φύσιν.
Of those that are moved essentially, some are moved by themselves and others by something else, and some by nature and others by force and contrary to nature.
τό τε γὰρ αὐτὸ ὑφʼ αὐτοῦ κινούμενον φύσει κινεῖται, οἶον ἕκαστον τῶν ζῴν (κινεῖται γὰρ τὸ ζῶον αὐτὸ ὑφʼ αὐτοῦ, ὅσων δʼ ἡ ἀρχὴ ἐν αὐτοῖς τῆς κινήσεως, ταῦτα φύσει φαμὲν κινεῖσθαι· διὸ τὸ μὲν ζῶον ὅλον φύσει αὐτὸ ἑαυτὸ κινεῖ, τὸ μέντοι σῶμα ἐνδέχεται καὶ φύσει καὶ παρὰ φύσιν κινεῖσθαι· διαφέρει γὰρ ὁποίαν τε ἂν κίνησιν κινούμενον τύχῃ καὶ ἐκ ποίου στοιχείου συνεστηκός, καὶ τῶν ὑπʼ ἄλλου κινουμένων τὰ μὲν φύσει κινεῖται τὰ δὲ παρὰ φύσιν, παρὰ φύσιν μὲν οἷον τὰ γεηρὰ ἄνω καὶ τὸ πῦρ κάτω, ἔτι δὲ τὰ μόρια τῶν ζῴων πολλάκις κινεῖται παρὰ φύσιν, παρὰ τὰς θέσεις καὶ τοὺς τρόπους τῆς κινήσεαως.
For that which is moved by itself is moved by nature, as is each of the animals (for the animal is moved by itself, and we say that those things are moved by nature of which the starting-point of motion is in themselves; therefore, the animal as a whole moves itself by nature, but its body can be moved both by nature and contrary to nature, for it makes a difference what kind of motion it happens to be moving with and from what element it is composed). And of things moved by something else, some are moved by nature and others contrary to nature; contrary to nature, as things of earth upward and fire downward, and further, the parts of animals are often moved contrary to nature, contrary to their positions and modes of motion.
καὶ μάλιστα τὸ ὑπό τινος κινεῖσθαι τὸ κινούμενον ἐν τοῖς παρὰ φύσιν κινουμένοις ἐστὶ φανερὸν διὰ τὸ δῆλον εἶναι ὑπʼ ἄλλου κινούμενον.
And that the thing moved is moved by something is most obvious in things moved contrary to nature, because it is clear that they are moved by something else.
μετὰ δὲ τὰ παρὰ φύσιν τῶν κατὰ φύσιν τὰ αὐτὰ ὑφʼ αὐτῶν, οἶον τὰ ζα· οὐ γὰρ τοῦτʼ ἄδηλον, εἰ ὑπό τινος κινεῖται, ἀλλὰ πῶς δεῖ διαλαβεῖν αὐτοῦ τὸ κινοῦν καὶ τὸ κινούμενον·
Next to things contrary to nature, among those according to nature, are those moved by themselves, such as animals; for this is not unclear, whether they are moved by something, but how we ought to distinguish the mover and the thing moved in them.
ἔοικεν γὰρ ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς πλοίοις καὶ τοῖς μὴ φύσει συνισταμένοις, οὕτω καὶ ἐν τοῖς ζοις εἶναι διηρημένον τὸ κινοῦν καὶ τὸ κινούμενον, καὶ οὗτω τὸ ἅπαν αὐτὸ αὑτὸ κι. νεῖν.
For it seems that, just as in ships and things not constituted by nature, so also in animals the mover and the thing moved are distinguished, and in this way the whole moves itself.
μάλιστα δʼ ἀπορεῖται τὸ λοιπὸν τῆς εἰρημένης τελευταίας
διαιρέσεως· τῶν γὰρ ὑπʼ ἄλλου κινουμένων τὰ μὲν παρὰ φύσιν ἐθήκαμεν κινεῖσθαι, τὰ δὲ λείπεται ἀντιθεῖναι ὅτι φύσει.
But the greatest difficulty is raised concerning the remaining part of the mentioned last division; for of things moved by something else, we have established that some are moved contrary to nature, and it remains to oppose those that are moved by nature.
ταῦτα δʼ ἐστὶν ἃ τὴν ἀπορίαν παράσχοι ἂν ὑπὸ τίνος κινεῖται, οἷον τὰ κοῦφα καὶ τὰ βαρέα.
It is these that would present the difficulty as to by what they are moved, such as light things and heavy things.
ταῦτα γὰρ εἰς μὲν τοὺς ἀντικειμένους τόπους βίᾳ κινεῖται, εἰς δὲ τοὺς οἰκείους, τὸ μὲν κοῦφον ἄνω τὸ δὲ βαρὺ κάτω, φύσει·
For these are moved by force to their opposite places, but to their proper places—the light upward and the heavy downward—by nature.
τὸ δʼ ὑπὸ τίνος οὐκέτι φανερόν, ὥσπερ ὅταν κινῶνται παρὰ φύσιν.
But by what they are moved is no longer obvious, as it is when they are moved contrary to nature.
τό τε γὰρ αὐτὰ ὑφʼ αὐτῶν φάναι ἀδύνατον· ζωτικόν τε γὰρ τοῦτο καὶ τῶν ἐμψύχων ἴδιον, καὶἱστάναι ἂν ἐδύνατο αὐτὰ αὐτά (λέγω δʼ οἷον, εἰ τοῦ βαδίζειν αἴτιον αὐτῷ, καὶ τοῦ μὴ βαδίζειν), ὥστʼ εἰ ἐπʼ αὐτῷ τὸ ἄνω φέρεσθαι τῷ πυρί, δῆλον ὅτι ἐπʼ αὐτῷ καὶ τὸ κάτω.
For to say that they are moved by themselves is impossible; for this is a vital characteristic and peculiar to living things, and they would then be able to stop themselves (I mean, for instance, if it is the cause of walking for itself, it is also the cause of not walking), so that if it were in the power of fire to be carried upward, it is clear that it would also be in its power to be carried downward.
ἄλογον δὲ καὶ τὸ μίαν κίνησιν κινεῖσθαι μόνην ὑφʼ αὐτῶν, εἴγε αὐτὰ ἑαυτὰ κινοῦσιν.
And it is also unreasonable that they should be moved with only a single motion by themselves, if they indeed move themselves.
ἔτι πῶς ἐνδέχεται συνεχές τι καὶ συμφυὲς αὐτὸ ἑαυτὸ κινεῖν;
Furthermore, how is it possible for anything continuous and naturally united to move itself?
ᾗ γὰρ ἓν καὶ συνεχὲς μὴ ἀφῇ, ταύτη ἀπαθές· ἀλλʼ ᾗ κεχώρισται, ταύτῃ τὸ μὲν πέφυκε ποιεῖν τὸ δὲ πάσχειν.
For insofar as it is one and continuous, not by contact, it is impassive; but insofar as it is divided, in this respect the one is by nature active and the other passive.
οὔτʼ ἄρα τούτων οὐθὲν αὐτὸ ἑαυτὸ κινεῖ (συμφυῆ γάρ. οὔτʼ ἄλλο συνεχὲς οὐδέν, ἀλλʼ ἀνάγκη διηρῆσθαι τὸ κινοῦν ἐν ἑκάστρ πρὸς τὸ κινούμενον, οἷον ἐπὶ τῶν ἀψύχων ὁρῶμεν, ὅταν κινῇ τι τῶν ἐμψύχων.
Therefore, none of these moves itself (for they are naturally united), nor does any other continuous thing, but it is necessary that the mover be distinguished in each from the thing moved, just as we see in the case of inanimate things when some animate thing moves them.
ἀλλὰ συμβαίνει καὶ ταῦτα ὑπό τινος ἀεὶ κινεῖσθαι· γένοιτο δʼ ἂν φανερὸν διαιροῦσι τὰς αἰτίας.
But it turns out that these also are always moved by something; and this would become clear to those who divide the causes.
ἔστιν δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν κινούντων λαβεῖν τὰ εἰρημένα· τὰ μὲν γὰρ παρὰ φύσιν αὐτῶν κινητικά ἐστιν, οἶον ὁ μοχλὸς οὐ φύσει τοῦ βάρους κινητικός, τὰ δὲ φύσει, οἶον τὸ ἐνεργείᾳ θερμὸν κινητικὸν τοῦ δυνάμει θερμοῦ.
It is possible also in the case of movers to take what has been said; for some of them are capable of moving contrary to nature, as the lever is not by nature capable of moving weight, and others by nature, as what is actually hot is capable of moving what is potentially hot.
ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν τοιούτων.
And similarly in the case of other such things.
καὶ κινητὸν δʼ σαύτως φύσει τὸ δυνάμει ποιὸν ἢ ποσὸν ἢ πού, ὅταν ἔχη τὴν ἀρχὴν τὴν τοιαύτην ἐν αὐτῷ καὶ μὴ κατὰ συμβεβηκός (εἶη γὰρ ἂν τὸ αὐτὸ καὶ ποιὸν καὶ ποσόν, ἀλλὰ θατέρῳ θάτερον συμβέβηκεν καὶ οὐ καθʼ αὑτὸ ὑπάρχει.
And that which is movable is likewise by nature that which is potentially of a certain quality, or quantity, or somewhere, when it has such a starting-point in itself and not accidentally (for the same thing might be both of a certain quality and quantity, but the one is accidental to the other and does not belong to it essentially).
τὸ δὴ πῦρ καὶ ἡ γῆ κινοῦνται ὑπό τινος βίᾳ μέν ὅταν παρὰ φύσιν, φύσει δʼ ὅταν εἰς τὰς αὐτῶν ἐνεργείας δυνάμει ὄντα.
Fire, then, and earth are moved by something—by force when contrary to nature, and by nature when they are potentially what they are into their actualities.