§7.2#2ἀλλὰ μὴν τοῦτο δῆλον καὶ ἐκ τῶν ὁρισμῶν· ὦσις μὲν γάρ ἐστιν ἡ ἀφʼ αὐτοῦ ἢ ἀπʼ ἄλλου πρὸς ἄλλο κίνησις, ἕλξις δὲ ἡ ἀπʼ ἄλλου πρὸς αὑτὸ ἢ πρὸς ἄλλο, ὅταν θάττων ἡ κίνησις ᾖ τῆς χωριζούσης ἀπʼ ἀλλήλων τὰ συνεχῆ· οὕτω γὰρ συνεφέλκεται θάτερον.
Moreover, this is clear also from the definitions; for pushing is motion away from oneself or from another toward something else, and pulling is motion from another toward oneself or toward something else, whenever the motion is faster than the motion which separates continuous things from one another; for in this way the other is pulled along with it. (And perhaps it might seem that there is some pulling in another way as well; for wood pulls fire, but not in this way.
(τάχα δὲ δόξειεν ἂν εἶναί τις ἕλξις καὶ ἄλλως· τὸ γὰρ ξύλον ἕλκει τὸ πῦρ οὐχ οὕτως. τὸ δʼ οὐθὲν διαφέρει κιννουμένου τοῦ ἕλκοντος ἢ μένοντος ἕλκειν· ὁτὲ μὲν γὰρ ἕλκει οὗ ἔστιν, ὁτὲ δὲ οὗ ἦν. ) ἀδύνατον δὲ ἢ ἀφʼ αὑτοῦ πρὸς ἄλλο ἢ ἀπʼ ἄλλου πρὸς αὑτὸ κινεῖν μὴ ἁπτόμενον, ὥστε φανερὸν ὅτι τοῦ κατὰ τόπον κινουμένου καὶ κινοῦντος οὐδέν ἐστι μεταξύ.
But it makes no difference whether the pulling object pulls while moving or while remaining stationary; for sometimes it pulls where it is, and sometimes where it was.) And it is impossible to move something either from oneself toward another or from another toward oneself without touching it, so that it is clear that there is nothing in between that which is locally moved and the mover.
ἀλλὰ μὴν οὐδὲ τοῦ ἀλλοιουμένου
καὶ τοῦ ἀλλοιοῦντος.
Moreover, neither is there anything between that which is altered and that which alters.
τοῦτο δὲ δῆλον ἐξ ἐπαγωγῆς· ἐν ἅπασι γὰρ συμβαίνει ἅμα εἶναι τὸ ἔσχατον ἀλλοιοῦν καὶ τὸ πρῶτον ἀλλοιούμενον·
And this is clear from induction; for in all cases it happens that the last altering agent and the first altered thing are together.
ὑπόκειται γὰρ ἡμῖν τὸ τὰ ἀλλοιούμενα κατὰ τὰς παθητικὰς καλουμένας ποιότητας πάσχοντα ἀλλοιοῦσθαι.
For it is assumed by us that things altered are altered by being acted upon in respect of the so-called affective qualities.
ἅπαν γὰρ σῶμα σώματος διαφέρει τοῖς αἰσθητοῖς ἢ πλείοσιν ἢ ἐλάττοσιν ἢ τῷ μᾶλλον καὶ ἦττον τοῖς αὐτοῖς·
For every body differs from another body in sensible qualities, either by more or by fewer, or by being more and less in respect of the same qualities.
ἀλλὰ μὴν καὶ ἀλλοιοῦται τὸ ἀλλοιούμενον ὑπὸ τῶν εἰρημένων. ταῦτα γάρ ἐστι πάθη τῆς ὑποκειμένης ποιότητος· ἢ γὰρ θερμαινόμενον ἢ γλυκαινόμενον ἢ πυκνούμενον ἢ ξηραινόμενον ἢ λευκαινόμενον ἀλλοιοῦσθαίφαμεν, ὁμοίως τό τε ἄψυχον καὶ τὸ ἔμύυχον λέγοντες, καὶ πάλιν τῶν ἐμψύχων τά τε μὴ αἰσθητικὰ τῶν μερῶν καὶ αὐτὰς τὰς αἰσθήσεις.
Indeed, that which is altered is altered by the aforementioned things; for these are affections of the underlying quality; for we say that a thing is altered by being heated or sweetened or condensed or dried or whitened, speaking similarly of both the inanimate and the animate, and again of the animate, both the non-sensory parts and the senses themselves.
ἀλλοιοῦνται γάρ πως καὶ αἱ αἰσθήσεις· ἡ γὰρ αἴσθησις ἡ κατʼ ἐνέργειαν κίνσησίς ἐστι διὰ τοῦ σώματος, πασχούσης τι τῆς αἰσθήσεως.
For the senses also are altered in some way; for actual sensation is a motion through the body, while the sense is acted upon in some way.
καθʼ ὅσα μὲν οὖν τὸ ἄψυχον ἀλλοιοῦται, καὶ τὸ ἔμψυχον, καθʼ ὅσα δὲ τὸ ἔμψυχον, οὐ κατὰ ταῦτα πάντα τὸ ἄψυχον (οὐ γὰρ ἀλλοιοῦται κατὰ τὰς αἰσθήσεις)· καὶ τὸ μὲν λανθάνει, τὸ δʼ οὐ λανθάνει πάσχον.
Therefore, in respect of whatever things the inanimate is altered, the animate is also altered; but the inanimate is not altered in respect of all those things in respect of which the animate is (for it is not altered in respect of the senses); and the former is affected without being noticed, whereas the latter is noticed.
οὐδὲν δὲ κωλύει καὶ τῷ ἔμψυχον λανθάνειν, ὔταν μὴ κατὰ τὰς αἰσθήσεις γίγνηται ἡ λλοίωσις.
And nothing prevents the animate also from being affected without being noticed, whenever the alteration does not occur in respect of the senses.
εἴπερ οὖν ἀλλοιοῦται τὸ ἀλλοιούμενον ὑπὸ τῶν αἰσθητῶν, ἐν ἄπασί γε τούτοις φανερὸν ὅτι ἄμα ἐστὶ τὸ ἔσχατον ἀλλοιοῦν καὶ τὸ πρῶτον ἀλλοιούμενον· τῷ μὲν γὰρ συνεχὴς ὁ ἀήρ, τῷ δʼ ἀέρι τὸ σῶμα.
If, then, that which is altered is altered by sensible things, in all these cases at least it is clear that the last altering agent and the first altered thing are together; for the air is continuous with the one, and the body with the air.
πάλιν δὲ τὸ μὲν χρῶμα τῷ φωτί, τὸ δὲ φῶς τῇ ὄψει.
And again, the color is continuous with the light, and the light with the sight.
τὸν αὐτὸν δὲ τρόπον καὶ ἡ ἀκοὴ καὶ ἡ ὄσφρησις· πρῶτον γὰρ κινοῦν πρὸς τὸ κινούμενον ὁ ἀήρ.
In the same way are also hearing and smell; for the first mover in relation to the moved is the air.
καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γεύσεως ὁμοίως· ἅμα γὰρ τῇ γεύσει ὁ χυμός.
And similarly in the case of taste; for the flavor is together with the taste.
ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀψύχων καὶ ἀναισθήτων.
Likewise also in the case of inanimate and non-sensory things.
ὥστʼ οὐδὲν ἔσται μεταξὺ τοῦ ἀλλοιουμένου καὶ τοῦ ἀλλοιοῦντος.
So that there will be nothing between that which is altered and that which alters.
οὐδὲ
μὴν τοῦ αὐξανομένου τε καὶ αὔξοντος· αὐξάνει γὰρ τὸ πρῶτον αὖξον προσγιγνόμενον, ὥστε ἓν γίγνεσθαι τὸ ὅλον.
Nor, indeed, is there anything between that which is increased and that which increases; for the first thing which increases does so by being added to it, so that the whole becomes one.
καὶ πάλιν φθίνει τὸ φθῖνον ἀπογιγνομένου τινὸς τῶν τοῦ φθίνοντος.
And again, that which decreases does so by something of the decreasing thing departing.
ἀνάγκη οὖν συνεχὲς εἶναι καὶ τὸ αὔξον καὶ τὸ φθῖνον, τῶν δὲ συνεχῶν οὐδὲν μεταξύ.
It is necessary, therefore, that both that which increases and that which decreases be continuous, and of continuous things there is nothing in between.
φανερὸν οὖν ὅτι τοῦ κινουμένου καὶ τοῦ κινοῦντος πρώτου καὶ ἐσχάτου πρὸς τὸ κινούμενον οὐδέν ἐστιν ἀνὰ μέσον.
It is clear, then, that there is nothing in between the moved and the mover which is first and last in relation to the moved.