§5.2#2ἅμα δὲ πῶς καὶ ἔσται;
And how will it also be at the same time?
οὐ γὰρ ἔσται μάθησις ἡ τῆς μαθήσεως γένεσις, ὥστʼ οὐδὲ γενέσεως γένεσις, οὐδέ τις τινός.
For the coming to be of learning will not be learning, so that neither will there be a coming to be of coming to be, nor any particular one of any other.
ἔτι εἰ τρία εἴδη κινήσεώς ἔστιν, τούτων τινὰ ἀνάγκη εἶναι καὶ τὴν ὑποκειμένην φύσιν καὶ εἰς ἃ κινοῦνται, οἶον τὴν φορὰν ἀλλοιωῦσθαι ἢ φέρεσθαι.
Moreover, if there are three species of motion, then both the underlying nature and that into which they are moved must be some of these; for instance, locomotion must either be altered or be moved locally.
ὅλως δὲ ἐπεὶ κινεῖται πᾶν τριχῶς, ἢ κατὰ συμβεβηκὸς ἢ τῷ μέρος τι ἢ καθʼ αὑτό, κατὰ συμβεβηκὸς μόνον ἂν ἐνδέχοιτο μεταβάλλειν τὴν μεταβολήν, οἷον εἰ ὁ ὑγιαζόμενος τρέχοι ἢ μανθάνοι· τὴν δὲ κατὰ συμβεβηκὸς ἀφεῖμεν πάλαι. ἐπεὶ δὲ οὔτε οὐσίας οὔτε τοῦ πρός τι
οὔτε τοῦ ποιεῖν καὶ πάσχειν, λείπεται κατὰ τὸ ποιὸν καὶ τὸ ποσὸν καὶ τὸ ποὺ κίνησιν εἶναι μόνον·
Generally, since everything is moved in three ways, either accidentally, or by a part of it, or in itself, it would be possible for change to change only accidentally, for instance if the one who is being healed should run or learn; but we have dismissed accidental change long ago. And since there is motion neither of substance, nor of relation, nor of acting and being acted upon, it remains that there is motion only in respect of quality, quantity, and place; for in each of these there is contrariety.
ἐν ἑκάστῳ γὰρ ἔστι τούτων ἐναντ ίωσις. ἡ μὲν οὖν κατὰ τὸ ποιὸν κίνησις ἀλλοίωσις ἔστω· τοῦτο γὰρ ἐπέζευκται κοινὸν ὄνομα.
Let the motion in respect of quality, then, be called alteration; for this common name has been applied to it.
λέγω δὲ τὸ ποιὸν οὐ τὸ ἐν τῇ οὐσίᾳ (καὶ γὰρ ἡ διαφορὰ ποιότης) ἀλλὰ τὸ παθητικόν, καθʼ ὃ λέγεται πάσχειν ἢ ἀπαθὲς εἶναι.
By quality I mean not that which is in substance (for even the difference is a quality) but the affective quality, in respect of which a thing is said to be affected or to be unaffected.
ἡ δὲ κατὰ τὸ ποσὸν τὸ μὲν κοινὸν ἀνώνυμος, καθʼ ἑκάτερον δʼ αὔξησις καὶ φθίσις, ἡ μὲν εἰς τὸ τέλειον μέγεθος αὔξησις, ἡ δʼ ἐκ τούτου φθίσις.
Motion in respect of quantity is nameless in its common aspect, but in each of its two directions it is growth and decay: growth being the motion toward complete magnitude, and decay being that from this.
ἡ δὲ κατὰ τόπον καὶ τὸ κοινὸν καὶ τὸ ἴδιον ἀνώνυμος, ἔστω δὲ φορὰ καλουμένη τὸ κοινόν· καίτοι λέγεταί γε ταῦτα φέρεσθαι μόνα κυρίως, ὅταν μὴ ἐφʼ αὐτοῖς ᾖ τὸ στῆναι τοῖς μεταβάλλουσι τὸν τόπον, καὶ ὅσα μὴ αὐτὰ ἑαυτὰ κινεῖ κατὰ τόπον.
Motion in respect of place is nameless both in its common and in its proper aspect, but let the common aspect be called locomotion; and yet only those things are properly said to be carried when those which change their place do not have it in their power to stop, and those things which do not move themselves in respect of place.
ἡ δʼ ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ εἴδει μεταβολὴ ἐπὶ τὸ μᾶλλον καὶ ἧττον ἀλλοίωσίς ἐστιν· ἢ γὰρ ἐξ ἐναντίου ἢ εἰς ἐναντίον κίνησίς ἐστιν, ἢ ἁπλῶς ἢ πῄ.
And change within the same species toward the "more" and "less" is alteration; for it is motion either from a contrary or to a contrary, either absolutely or in a certain respect.
ἐπὶ μὲν γὰρ τὸ ἦττον ἰοῦσα εἰς τοὐναντίον λεχθήσεται μεταβάλλειν, ἐπὶ δὲ τὸ μᾶλλον ὡς ἐκ τοὐναντίου εἰς αὐτό, διαφέρει γὰρ οὐδὲν πῂ μεταβάλλειν ἢ ἁπλῶς, πλὴν πῂ δεήσει τἀναντία ὑπάρχειν· τὸ δὲ μᾶλλον καὶ ἦττόν ἐστι τὸ πλέον ἢ ἔλαττον ἐνυπάρχειν τοῦ ἐναντίου καὶ μή. ὅτι
μὲν οὖν αὗται τρεῖς μόναι κινήσεις εἰσίν, ἐκ τούτων δῆλον·
For when it goes toward the "less", it will be said to change into the contrary, but when toward the "more", as from the contrary into itself; for it makes no difference whether it changes in a certain respect or absolutely, except that in a certain respect the contraries will have to be present; and the "more" and "less" is the presence of more or less of the contrary, or its absence. That, then, these three alone are motions, is clear from this.
ἀκίνητον δʼ ἐστὶ τό τε ὅλως ἀδύνατον κινηθῆναι, ὥσπερ ὁ ψόφος ἀόρατος, καὶ τὸ ἐν πολλῷ χρόνῳ μόλις κινούμενον ἢ τὸ βραδέως ἀρχόμενον, ὃ λέγεται δυσκίνητον, καὶ τὸ πεφυκὸς μὲν κινεῖσθαι καὶ δυνάμενον, μὴ κινούμενον δὲ τότε ὅτε πέφυκε καὶ οὗ καὶ ὥς, ὅπερ ἠρεμεῖν καλῶ τῶν ἀκινήτων μόνον·
What is unmoved is: first, that which is completely impossible to be moved, just as sound is invisible; and second, that which is moved with difficulty over a long time, or starts slowly, which is called hard to move; and third, that which is by nature adapted and able to be moved, but is not being moved at the time when, where, and in the manner in which it is naturally adapted, which alone of the unmoved things I call being at rest; for rest is contrary to motion, so that it would be a privation in that which is receptive of it.
ἐναντίον γὰρ ἠρεμία κινήσει, ὥστε στέρησις ἂν εἴη τοῦ δεκτικοῦ, τί μὲν οὖν ἐστι κίνησις καὶ τί ἠρεμία, καὶ πόσαι μεταβολαὶ καὶ ποῖαι κινήσεις, φανερὸν ἐκ τῶν εἰρημένων.
What motion is, then, and what rest is, and how many changes there are, and of what kind motions are, is clear from what has been said.