§1.1Ἐπειθὴ τὸ εἰδέναι καὶ τὸ ἐπίστασθαι συμβαίνει περὶ πάσας τὰς μεθόδους, ὧν εἰσὶν ἀρχαὶ ἢ αἴτια ἢ στοιχεῖα, ἐκ τοῦ ταῦτα γνωρίζειν (τότε γὰρ οἰόμεθα γιγνώσκειν ἕκαστον, ὅταν τὰ αἴτια γνωρίσωμεν τὰ πρῶτα καὶ τὰς ἀρχὰς τὰς πρώτας καὶ μέχρι τῶν στοιχείων), δῆλον ὅτι καὶ τῆς περὶ φύσεως ἐπιστήμης πειρατέον διορίσασθαι πρῶτον τὰ περὶ τὰς ἀρχάς.
Since knowing and understanding arise in all methods of inquiry that have principles, causes, or elements, from the knowledge of these (for we think we know each thing only when we have known its first causes, its first principles, and as far as its elements), it is clear that in the science of nature too we must try first to determine what concerns principles.
πέφυκε δὲ ἐκ τῶν γνωριμωτέρων ἡμῖν ἡ ὁδὸς καὶ σαφεστέρων ἐπὶ τὰ σαφέστερα τῇ φύσει καὶ γνωριμώτερα· οὐ γὰρ ταὐτὰ ἡμῖν τε γνώριμα καὶ ἁπλῶς.
The natural way for us is from what is more knowable and clearer to us to what is clearer and more knowable by nature; for the same things are not knowable to us and knowable absolutely.
διόπερ ἀνάγκη τὸν τρόπον τοῦτον προάγειν ἐκ τῶν ἀσαφεστέρων μὲν τῇ φύσει ἡμῖν δὲ σαφεστέρων ἐπὶ τὰ σαφέστερα τῇ φύσει καὶ γνωριμώτερα.
Therefore, we must necessarily proceed in this way from what is less clear by nature but clearer to us to what is clearer by nature and more knowable.
ἔστι δʼ ἡμῖν τὸ πρῶτον δῆλα καὶ σαφῆ τὰ συγκεχυμένα μᾶλλον· ὕστερον δʼ ἐκ τούτων γίγνεται γνώριμα τὰ στοιχεῖα καὶ αἱ ἀρχαὶ διαιροῦσι ταῦτα, διὸ ἐκ τῶν καθόλου ἐπὶ τὰ καθʼ ἕκαστα δεῖ προϊέναι· τὸ γὰρ ὅλον κατὰ τὴν αἴσθησιν γνωριμώτερον, τὸ δὲ καθόλου ὅλον τί ἐστι· πολλὰ γὰρ περιλαμβάνει ὡς μέρη τὸ καθόλου.
Now, what is first plain and clear to us is rather confused wholes; but later, from these, their elements and principles become known to those who divide them. Therefore, we must proceed from universals to particulars; for the whole is more knowable according to sensation, and the universal is a sort of whole, since the universal comprehends many things as parts.
πέπονθε δὲ ταὐτὸ τοῦτο τρόπον τινὰ καὶ τὰ ὀνόματα πρὸς τὸν λόγον· ὅλον γάρ τι καὶ ἀδιορίστως σημαίνει, οἷον ὁ κύκλος, ὁ δὲ ὁρισμὸς αὐτοῦ διαιρεῖ εἰς τὰ καθʼ ἕκαστα.
This same thing happens in a way also to names in relation to their definition; for a name signifies some whole and indefinitely, as for example 'circle', but its definition divides it into its particulars.
καὶ τὰ παιδία τὸ μὲν πρῶτον προσαγορεύει πάντας τοὺς ἄνδρας πατέρας καὶ μητέρας τὰς γυναῖκας, ὕστερον δὲ διορίζει τούτων ἑκάτερον.
Children too at first call all men fathers and all women mothers, but later distinguish each of them.