§4.9.1Τῶν δὲ μαλακίων περὶ μὲν τῶν ἐντὸς εἴρηται 9 πρότερον, ὥσπερ καὶ περὶ τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων· ἐκτὸς δʼ ἔχει τό τε τοῦ σώματος κύτος, ἀδιόριστον ὄν, καὶ τούτου πόδας ἔμπροσθεν περὶ τὴν κεφαλήν, ἐντὸς μὲν τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν, περὶ δὲ τὸ στόμα καὶ τοὺς ὀδόντας.
On the other hand, concerning the internal parts of the soft-bodied animals, they have been spoken of 9 before, just as with the other animals; but on the outside they have the trunk of the body, which is undivided, and of this they have feet in front around the head, within the eyes, but around the mouth and teeth.
τὰ μὲν οὖν ἄλλα ζῷα τὰ ἔχοντα πόδας τὰ μὲν ἔμπροσθεν ἔχει καὶ ὄπισθεν, τὰ δʼ ἐκ τοῦ πλαγίου, ὥσπερ τὰ πολύποδα καὶ ἄναιμα τῶν ζῴων· τοῦτο δὲ τὸ γένος ἰδίως τούτων· πάντας γὰρ ἔχουσι τοὺς πόδας ἐπὶ τὸ καλούμενον ἔμπροσθεν.
Now, other animals that have feet have some in front and some behind, or some on the sides, just as the many-footed and bloodless animals do; but this genus has a unique feature among them, for they have all their feet in what is called the front.
§4.9.2τούτου δʼ αἴτιον 2 ὅτι συνῆκται αὐτῶν τὸ ὄπισθεν πρὸς τὸ ἔμπροσθευ, ὧσπερ τῶν ὀστρακοδέρμων τοῖς στρομβώδεσιν.
And the cause of this is 2 that their posterior part has been brought together toward the front, just as in the turbinated ones of the testaceans.
ὅλως γὰρ τὰ ὀστρακόδερμα ἔχει τῇ μὲν ὁμοίως τοῖς μαλακοστράκοις, τῇ δὲ τοῖς μαλακίοις.
For in general, testaceans are in one way similar to the soft-shelled animals, and in another to the soft-bodied ones.
ᾗ μὲν γὰρ ἔξωθεν τὸ γεῶδες ἐντὸς δὲ τὸ σαρκῶδες, τοῖς μαλακοστράκοις, τὸ δὲ σχῆμα τοῦ σύματος ὃν τρόπον συνέστηκε, τοῖς μαλακίοις, τρόπον μέν τινα πάντα, μάλιστα δὲ τῶν στρομβωδῶν τὰ ἔχοντα τὴν ἑλίκην.
For in that they have the earthy matter on the outside and the fleshy matter on the inside, they are like the soft-shelled ones, but as to the manner in which the shape of the body is constituted, they are in some way all, and especially those of the turbinated ones that have the spiral, similar to the soft-bodied ones.
ἀμφοτέρων γὰρ τοῦτον ἔχει τὸν τρόπον ἡ φύσις ὥσπερ εἴ τις νοήσειεν ἐπ᾿ εὐθείας, καθάπερ συμβέβηκεν ἐπὶ τῶν τετραπόδων ζῴων καὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, πρῶτον μὲν ἐπὶ ἄκρῳ τῷ ἄνω στόματι τῆς εὐθείας κατὰ τὸ Α, ἔπειτα τὸ B τὸν στόμαχον, τὸ δὲ Γ τὴν κοιλίαν· ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ ἐντέρου μέχρι τῆς διεξόδου τοῦ περιττώματος, ᾗ τὸ Δ.
For the nature of both is of this manner, as if one were to conceive them on a straight line, just as happens in the case of quadruped animals and humans: first, at the upper extremity of the straight line, the mouth at A, then B the esophagus, and Γ the stomach, and from the intestine to the outlet of the residue, where Δ is.
§4.9.33 τοῦτον μὲν οὖν τὸν τρόπον ἔχει τοῖς ἐναίμοις ζῴοις, καὶ περὶ τοῦτό ἐστιν ἡ κεφαλὴ καὶ ὁ θώραξ καλούμενος.
3 Now, in this manner it is with blooded animals, and around this are the head and what is called the thorax.
τὰ δὲ λοιπὰ μόρια τούτων τε χάριν καὶ ἕνεκα τῆς κινήσεως κενπροσέθη ἡ φύσις, οἷον τά τε πρόσθια κῶλα καὶ τὰ ὄπισθεν.
And nature added the remaining parts for the sake of these and for the sake of movement, such as both the front limbs and the hind limbs.
βούλεται δὲ καὶ τοῖς μαλακοστράκοις καὶ τοῖς ἐντόμοις ἥ γ᾿ εὐθυωρία τῶν ἐντοσθιδίων τὸν αὐτὸν ἔχειν τρόπον, κατὰ δὲ τὰς ὑπηρεσίας τὰς ἔξωθεν κινητικὰς διαφέρει τῶν ἐναίμων.
And nature intends also in the soft-shelled animals and the insects that the straight alignment of the viscera should have the same manner, but in the external motor services they differ from the blooded animals.
§4.9.44 τὰ δὲ μαλάκιά τε καὶ στρομβώδη τῶν ὀστρακοδέρμων ἔχει αὑτοῖς μὲν παραπλ ησίως, τούτοις δʼ ἀντεστραμμένως.
4 But the soft-bodied animals and the turbinated ones of the testaceans are similar to one another, but reversed in comparison to these.
κέκαμπται γὰρ ἡ τελευτὴ πρὸς τὴν ἀρχήν, ὥσπερ ἂν εἴ τις τὴν εὐθεῖαν ἐφʼ ἧς τὸ Ε κάμψας προσαγάγοι τὸ Δ πρὸς τὸ Α. οὕτως γὰρ κειμένων νῦν τῶν ἐντοσθίων περίκειται τοῖς μὲν μαλακίοις τὸ κύτος, ὃ καλεῖται μόνον ἐπὶ τῶν πολυπόδων κεφαλή· τοῖς δʼ ὀστρακοδέρμοις τὸ τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν ὁ στρόμβος.
For the end has been bent toward the beginning, just as if one, having bent the straight line on which E is, should bring Δ near to A. For since the viscera are situated in this way, in the soft-bodied animals the trunk surrounds them, which in the case of octopuses alone is called the head; but in the testaceans, such a part is the turbinated shell.
§4.9.55 διαφέρει δʼ οὐδὲν ἄλλο πλὴν ὅτι τοῖς μὲν μαλακὸν τὸ πέριξ, τοῖς δὲ σκληρὸν περὶ τὸ σαρκῶδες περιέθηκεν ἡ φύσις, ὅπως σώζηται διὰ τὴν δυσκινησίαν· καὶ διὰ τοῦτο τὸ περίττωμα τοῖς τε μαλακίοις ἐξέρχεται περὶ τὸ στόμα καὶ τοῖς στρομβώδεσι, πλὴν τοῖς μὲν μαλακίοις κάτωθεν, τοῖς δὲ στρομβώδεσιν ἐκ τοῦ πλαγίου.
5 And they differ in nothing else except that nature has placed a soft covering around the flesh in the former, but a hard one in the latter, so that they may be preserved because of their difficulty of movement; and for this reason the residue is discharged around the mouth in both the soft-bodied animals and the turbinated ones, except that in the soft-bodied animals it is from below, and in the turbinated ones from the side.
§4.9.66 διὰ ταύτην μὲν οὖν τὴν αἰτίαν τοῖς μαλακίοις οἱ πόδες τοῦτον ἔχουσι τὸν τρὸπον, καὶ ὑπεναντίως ἦ τοῖς ἄλλοις.
6 For this cause, then, the feet of the soft-bodied animals have this manner, and in a way opposite to the others.
ἔχουσι δʼ ἀνομοίως αἱ σηπίαι καὶ αἱ τευθίδες τοῖς πολύποσι διὰ τὸ νευστικαὶ μόνον εἶναι, τοὺς δὲ καὶ πορευτικούς.
But cuttlefish and squid have them differently from octopuses, because they are only swimmers, whereas octopuses are also walkers.
αἱ μὲν γὰρ τοὺς ἄνωθεν τῶν ὀδόντων ἓξ μικροὺς ἔχουσι, καὶ τούτων τοὺς ἐσχάτους δύο μείζους, τοὺς δὲ λοιποὺς τῶν ὁκτὼ δύο κάτωσθεν μεγίστους τούτων.
For the former have six small feet above the teeth, and of these the two outermost are larger, and the remaining two of the eight, which are below, are the largest of them.
ὥσπερ γὰρ τοῖς τετράποσι τὰ ὀπίσθια ἰσχυρότερα κῶλα, καὶ ταύταις μέγιστοι οἱ κάτωσθεν· τὸ γὰρ φορτίον οὗτοι ἔχουσι καὶ κινοῦσι μάλιστα, καὶ οἱ ἔσχατοι δύο μείζους τῶν μέσων, ὅτι τούτοις συνυπηρετούσιν.
For just as in quadrupeds the hind limbs are stronger, so in these also the lowest are the largest; for these bear the load and move them most, and the two outermost are larger than the middle ones because they assist them.
ὁ δὲ πολύπους τοὺς ἐν μέσῳ τέτταρας μεγίστους.
But the octopus has the four middle feet largest.