§4.8.1Τὰ δὲ μαλακόστρακα πάντα καὶ πορευτικά, διὸ 8 ποδῶν ἔχει πλῆθος.
On the other hand, all testaceans are also locomotive, and therefore they have a 8 multitude of feet.
ἔστι δὲ γένη μὲν τέτταρα τὰ μέγιστʼ αὐτῶν οἵ τε καλούμενοι κάραβοι καὶ ἀστακοὶ καὶ καρίδες καὶ καρκίνοι·
And there are four principal genera of them: those called spiny lobsters, lobsters, shrimps, and crabs.
τούτων δʼ ἑκάστου πλείω εἴδη ἐστὶ διαφέροντα οὐ μόνον κατὰ τὴν μορφὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ κατὰ τὸ μέγεθος πολύ· τὰ μὲν γὰρ μεγάλα τὰ δὲ μικρὰ πάμπαν αὐτῶν ἐστίν.
And of each of these there are more species, differing not only in their form but also greatly in their size; for some of them are large, while others are altogether small.
§4.8.2τὰ μὲν οὖν 2 καρκινώδη καὶ καραβώδη παρόμοιʼ ἐστὶ τῷ χηλὰς ἔχειν ἀμφότερα.
Now, the 2 crab-like and spiny lobster-like ones are similar in that both have claws.
ταύτας δʼ οὐ πορείας ἔχουσι χάριν, ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὸ λαβεῖν καὶ κατασχεῖν ἀντὶ χειρῶν.
And they do not have these for the sake of locomotion, but for grasping and holding in place of hands.
διὸ καὶ κάμπτουσιν ἐναντίως ταύτας τοῖς ποσίν· τοὺς μὲν γὰρ ἐπὶ τὸ κοῖλον τὰς δʼ ἐπὶ τὸ περιφερὲς κάμπτουσι καὶ ἑλέσσουσιν· οὕτω γὰρ χρήθιμαι πρὸς 684,a τὸ λαβοῦσαι προσφέρεσθαι τὴν τροφήν.
Therefore, they also bend them in the opposite direction to their feet; for they bend the feet toward the hollow part, but the claws toward the rounded part, and turn them about; for in this way they are useful for 684,a grasping and bringing food to themselves.
§4.8.3διαφέρουσι 3 δʼ ᾗ οἱ μὲν κάραβοι ἔχουσιν οὐράν, οἱ δὲ καρκίνοι οὐκ ἔχουσιν οὐράν·
But they differ 3 in that spiny lobsters have a tail, whereas crabs do not have a tail.
τοῖς μὲν γὰρ διὰ τὸ νευστικοῖς εἶναι χρήσιμος ἡ οὐρά (νέουσι γὰρ ἀπερειδόμενοι οἷον πλάταις αὐταῖς), τοῖς δὲ καρκένοις οὐδὲν χρήσιμον διὰ τὸ πρόσγειον εἶναι τὸν βίον αὐτῶν καὶ εἶναι τρωγλοδύτας.
For to the former the tail is useful because of their being swimmers (for they swim by pushing off with them as if with oars), whereas to the crabs it is of no use because of their life being close to the ground and their being dwellers in holes.
§4.8.44 ὅσοι θʼ αὐτῶν πελάγιοί εἰσι, διὰ τοῦτο πολὺ ἀργοτέρους ἔχουσι τοὺς πόθας αὑτῶν πρὸς τὴν πορείαν, οἷονα τε μαῖαι καὶ οἱ Ἡρακλεωτικοὶ καλούμενοι καρκίνοι, ὅτι ὀλίγῃ κινήσει χρῶνται, ἀλλʼ ἡ σωτηρία αὐτοῖς τῷ ὀστρειώδεις εἶναι γίνεται· διὸ αἱ μὲν μαῖαι λεπτοσκελεῖς, οἱ δʼ Ἡρακλεωτικοὶ μικροσκελεῖς εἰσίν.
4 And as many of them as are pelagic have, for this reason, their feet much slower for locomotion, such as both spider-crabs and the crabs called Heracleotic, because they make use of little movement, but their preservation comes about by their being oyster-like; wherefore spider-crabs are thin-legged, while Heracleotic crabs are short-legged.
§4.8.55 οἱ δὲ πάμπαν μικροὶ καρκίνοι, οἳ ἁλίσκονται ἐν τοῖς μικροῖς ἰχθυδίοις, ἔχουσι τοὺς τελευταίους πλατεῖς πόδας, ἵνα πρὸς τὸ νεῖν αὐτοῖς χρήσιμοι ὖσιν, ὥσπερ πτερύγια πλάτας ἔχοντες τοὺς πόδας.
5 And the altogether small crabs, which are caught among the small fish, have their last feet flat, in order that they may be useful to them for swimming, having their feet as oars like fins.
αἱ δὲ καρίδες τῶν μὲν καρκινοειδῶν διαφέρουσι τῷ ἔχειν κέρκον, τῶν δὲ καραβοειδῶν διὰ τὸ μὴ ἔχειν χηλάς·
And shrimps differ from the crab-like ones in having a tail, and from the spiny lobster-like ones in not having claws; which they do not have because of their having more feet, for there the growth from that side has been expended.
ἃς οὐκ ἔχουσι διὰ τὸ πλείους ἔχειν πόδας, ἐνταῦθα γὰρ ἡ ἐκεῖθεν ἀνήλωται αὔξησις. πλείους δʼ ἔχουσι πόδας, ὅτι νευστικώτερά ἐστιν ἢ πορευτικώτερα.
And they have more feet because they are more capable of swimming than of walking.
§4.8.66 τὰ δʼ ἐν τοῖς ὑπτίοις μόρια καὶ περὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν τὰ μὲν εἰς τὸ δέξασθαι τὸ ὕδωρ καὶ ἀφεῖναι ἔχουσι βραγχοειδῆ· πλακωδέστερα δὲ τὰ κάτω αἱ θήλειαι τῶν ἀρρένων καράβων ἔχουσι, καὶ τὰ ἐν τῷ ἐπιπτύγματι δασύτερα αἱ θήλειαι καρκίνοι τῶν ἀρρένων, διὰ τὸ ἐκτείνειν τὰ ᾠὰ πρὸς αὐτά, ἀλλὰ μὴ ἄποθεν, ὥσπερ οἱ ἰχθύες καὶ τἆλλα τὰ τίκτοντα· εὐρυχωρέστερα γὰρ ὄντα καὶ μείζω χώραν ἔχει τοῖς ᾠοῖς μᾶλλον.
6 And as for the parts on their under sides and around the head, some have gill-like structures for receiving and discharging water; and the females have the lower parts flatter than the male spiny lobsters, and the female crabs have the parts in the fold hairier than the males, because they lay their eggs toward these, and not away from them, as fish and the other animals that lay eggs do; for being more spacious they have a larger place for the eggs.
§4.8.77 οἱ μὲν οὖν κάραβοι καὶ οἱ καρκίνοι πάντες τὴν δεξιὰν ἔχουσι χηλὴν μείζω καὶ ἐσχυροτέραν· τοῖς γὰρ δεξιοῖς πάντα πέφυκε τὰ ζῷα δρᾶν μᾶλλον, ἡ δὲ φύσις ἀποδίδωσιν ἀεὶ τοῖς χρῆσθαι δυναμένοις ἕκαστον ἢ μόνως ἢ μᾶλλον, οἷον χαυλιόδοντας καὶ ὀδόντας καὶ κέρατα καὶ πλῆκτρα καὶ πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτα μόρια, ὅσα πρὸς βοήθειαν καὶ ἀλκήν εἰσιν.
7 Now, spiny lobsters and crabs all have the right claw larger and stronger; for all animals are naturally more active with their right parts, and nature always assigns each part to those capable of using it either solely or more, such as tusks, teeth, horns, spurs, and all such parts as are for assistance and strength.
§4.8.8οἱ δʼ ἀστακοὶ 8 μόνοι, ὁποτέραν ἂν τύχωσιν, ἔχουσι μείζω τῶν χηλῶν, καὶ αἱ θήλειαι καὶ οἱ ἄρρενες.
But lobsters 8 alone, whichever of the two they happen to have, have the larger of the claws, both females and males.
αἴτιον δὲ τοῦ μὲν ἔχειν χηλὰς ὅτι ἐν τῷ γένει εἰσὶ τῷ ἔχοντι χηλάς· τοῦτο δʼ ἀτάκτως ἔχουσιν, ὅτι πεπήρωνται καὶ οὐ χρῶνται ἐφʼ ὅ πεφύκασιν, ἀλλὰ πορείας χάριν.
And the cause of their having claws is that they are in the genus that has claws; but they have this in an irregular way because they are mutilated and do not use them for what they are naturally made, but for the sake of locomotion.
§4.8.9κεθʼ ἕκαστον δὲ τῶν μορίων, τίς ἡ θέσις αὐτῶν καὶ 9 τίνεςδιαφοραὶ πρὸς ἄλληλα, τῶν τʼ ἄλλων καὶ τίνι διαφέρει τὰ ἄρρενα τῶν θηλειῶν, ἔκ τε τῶν ἀνατομῶν θεωρείσθω καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἱστοριῶν τῶν περὶ τὰ ζῷα.
But concerning each of the parts, what their position is and 9 what differences they have with respect to one another, and of the other things and in what the males differ from the females, let it be observed both from the dissections and from the inquiries concerning animals.