§3.6.1Πλεύμονα μὲν σὖν ἔχει διὰ τὸ πεξὸν εἶναί τι 6 γένος τῶν ζῴόων.
A certain class of animals has a lung because they are land animals.
ἀναγκαῖον μὲν γὰρ γίνεσθαι τῷ θερμῷ κατάψυξιν, ταύτης δὲ δεῖται θύραθεν τὰ ἔναιμα τῶν ζῴων· θερμὸτερα γάρ.
For it is necessary that cooling should take place for the hot, and the blooded animals require this from without, for they are hotter.
τὰ δὲ μὴ ἔναιμα καὶ τᾧ συμφύτῳ πνεύματι δύναται καταψύχειν.
But the bloodless animals are able to cool themselves even by their innate breath.
ἀνάγκη δὲ καταψύχειν ἔξωθεν ἢ ὕδατι ἤη ἀέρι.
And it is necessary to cool from without either by water or by air.
διόπερ τν μὲν ἰχθύων οὐδεὶς ἔχει πλεύμονα, ἀλλʼ ἀντὶ τούτου βράγχια, καθάπερ εἴρηται ἐν τοῖς περὶ ἀναπνοῆς· ὕδατι γὰρ ποιεῖται τὴν κατάψυξιν, τὰ δʼ ἀναπνέοντα τῷ ἀέρι, διόπερ πάντα τὰ ἀναπνέοντα ἔχει πλεύμονα.
Therefore, none of the fishes has a lung, but instead of this they have gills, just as has been said in the treatise On Respiration; for they effect cooling by water, while those that breathe do so by air, and therefore all breathing animals have a lung.
§3.6.2ἀναπνεῖ δὲ τὰ μὲν πεζὰ πάντα, ἔυια δὲ 2 καὶ τῶν ἐνύδρων, οἷον φάλαινα καὶ δελφὶς καὶ τὰ ἀναφυσῶντα κήτη πάντα.
And all land animals breathe, and some also of the aquatic ones, such as the whale, the dolphin, and all the spouting cetaceans.
πολλὰ γὰρ τῶν ζῴων ἐπαμφοτερίζει τὴν φύσιν, καὶ τῶν τε πεζν καὶ τὸν ἀέρα δεχομένων διὰ τὴν τοῦ σώματος κρἀσιν ἐν ὑγρῷ διατελεῖ τὸν πλεῖστον χρόνον, καὶ τῶν ἐν τῷ ὑγρῷ μετέχει τοσούτον ἔνια της πεζῆς φύσεως ὥστʼ ἐν τῷ πνεύματι αὐτῶν εἶναι τὸ τέλος τού ζῆν.
For many of the animals are dual in their nature, and some, though they are land animals and receive air, spend most of their time in the water because of the blend of their body, while some of those in the water participate so much in the land nature that the end of their living is in their breathing.
§3.6.3τοῦ δʼ ἀναπνεῖν 3 ὁ πλεύμων ὄργανόν ἐστι, τὴν μὲν ἀρχὴν τῆς κινήσεως ἔχων ἀπὸ τῆς καρδίας, ποιὧν δʼ εὐρυχωρίαν τῇ εἰσόδῳ τού πνεύματος διὰ τὴν αὑτοὺ σομφὸτητκ καὶ τὸ μέγεθοςʼ αἰρομένου μὲν γὰρ εἰσρεῖ τὸ πνεύμα, συνιόντος δʼ ἐξέρχεται πάλιν.
And of breathing, the lung is the organ, having the source of its movement from the heart, and producing a wide space for the entry of the breath because of its own sponginess and size; for when it rises the breath flows in, and when it contracts it goes out again.
§3.6.44 τὸ δὲ πρὸς τὴν ἅλσιν εἶναι τὸν πλεύμονα τὴς καρδίας οὐκ εἴρηται καλῶς ἐν ἀνθρωπφ τε γὰρ συμβαίνει μόνον ὡς εἰπεῖν τὸ τῆς πηδήσεως διὰ τὸ μόνον ἐν ἐλπίδι γίνεσθαι καὶ προσδοκίᾳ το μέλλοντος, ἀπέχει τʼ ἐν τοῖς πλείστοις πολὺν τόπον καὶ κεῖται τὴν θέσιν ἀνωτέρω τοὺ πλεύμονος, ὥστε μηδὲν συμβάλεσθαι τὸν πλεύμονα πρὸς τὴν ἅλσιν τῆς καρδίας.
But that the lung exists for the throbbing of the heart has not been well said; for throbbing occurs, so to speak, only in man, because only in him are there hope and expectation of the future, and in most animals it is at a great distance and lies in a position higher than the lung, so that the lung contributes nothing to the throbbing of the heart.
§3.6.55 διαφέρει δʼ ὁ πλεύμων πολὺ τοῖς ζῴοις.
But the lung differs much in animals.
τὰ μὲν γὰρ ἔναιμον ἔχει καὶ μέγαν, τὰ δʼ ἐλάττω καὶ σομφόν, τὰ μὲν ζῳοτόκα διὰ τὴν θερμὸτητα τῆς φύσεως μείζω καὶ πολύαιμον, τὰ δʼ ῴοτόκα ξηρὸν καὶ μικρὸν. δυνάμενον δὲ μεγάλα διίστασθαι ἐν τῷ ἐμφυσἅσθαι, ὥσπερ τὰ τετράποδα μὲν ῴὸοτόκα δὲ τῶν πεζῶν, οἷον ο τε σαῦροι καὶ αἱ χελῶναι καὶ πᾶν τὸ τοιοῦτον γένος, ἔτι δὲ πρὸς τούτοις ἡ τῶν πτηνῶν φύσις καὶ καλουμένων ὀρνίθων.
For some have it blooded and large, while others have it smaller and spongy; the viviparous, because of the heat of their nature, have it larger and full of blood, while the oviparous have it dry and small, but capable of expanding greatly when inflated, just as do the land-dwelling oviparous quadrupeds, such as lizards, tortoises, and all such kinds, and in addition to these the nature of winged creatures and those called birds.
πάντων γὰρ τούτων σομφὸς ὁ πλεύμων καὶ ὅμοιος ἀφρῷ· καὶ γὰρ ὁ ἀφρὸς ἐκ πολλοῦ μικρὸς γίνεται συγχεὸμενος, καὶ ὁ τούτων πλεύμων μικρὸς καὶ ὑμμενώὸδης.
For in all of these the lung is spongy and like foam; for foam also becomes small when collapsed from a large volume, and the lung of these is small and membranous.
διὸ καὶ ἅδιψψα καὶ ὁλιγὸποτα ταύτα πάντα, καὶ δύναται πολὺν ἐν τῷ ὑγρῷ ἀνέχεσθαι χρόνον· ἅτε γὰρ ὀλίγον ἔχοντα θερμὸν ίκανῶς ἐπὶ πολύν χρόνον καταψύχεται ὑπʼ αύτὴς τὴς τοῦ πλεύμονος κινήσεως, οὔσης ἀερύδους καὶ κενῆς.
Therefore, all these are also without thirst and drink little, and are able to endure for a long time in the water; for since they have little heat, they are sufficiently cooled for a long time by the very movement of the lung, which is airy and empty.
§3.6.66 συμβέβηκε δὲ καὶ τὰ μεγέθη τούτων ἐλάττω τῶν ζῴων ὡς ἐπίπαν εἰπεῖν· τὸ γὰρ θερμὸν αὺξητικόν, ἡ δὲ πολυαιμίκ θερμότητος σημεῖον.
And it also happens that the sizes of these animals are generally smaller, so to speak; for heat is promotive of growth, and abundance of blood is a sign of heat.
ἔτι δʼ ὀρθοῖ τὰ σώματα μιᾶλλον, διόπερ ἄνθρωπος μὲν τῶν ἄλλων ὁρθὸτατον, τὰ δὲ ζῳοτόκα τῶν ἄλλων τετραπόδων· οὐδὲν γὰρ ὁμοίως τρωγλοδυτεῖ τῶν ζῳοτὸκων, οὕτʼ ἄπουν οὕτε πεζεῦον.
Furthermore, heat makes bodies more erect, wherefore man is the most erect of all, and the viviparous are [more erect] than the other quadrupeds; for none of the viviparous animals, whether footless or walking on land, lives in holes in a similar manner.
§3.6.7ὅλως 7 μὲν οὖν ὁ πλεύμων ἐστὶν ἀναπνοῆς χέριν, ἄναιμος δὲ καὶ τοιοτος γένους τινὸς ἕνεκεν ζῷόων· ἀλλʼ ἀνώνυμον τὸ κοινὸν ἐπʼ οὐτων, καὶ οὐχ ὥσπερ ὁ ὄρνις ὧνὸμασται ἐπί τινος γένους.
In general, therefore, the lung is for the sake of respiration, but it is bloodless and of such a kind for the sake of a certain class of animals; but there is no common name for them, and it is not named as "bird" is named of a certain class.
διὸ ὥσπερ τὸ ὄρυιθι εἶναι ἔκ τινός ἐστιʼ καὶ ἐκείνων ἐν τῇ οὐσίᾳ ὑπάρχει τὸ πλεύμονα ἔχειν.
Therefore, just as the being of a bird is from something, so also to have a lung belongs to the essence of those animals.