§3.4.1414 κοιλίας δʼ ἔχουσιν αἱ μὲν τῶν μεγάλων ζῷων τρεῖς, αἱ δὲ τῶν ἐλασσόνων δύο, μίαν δὲ πάσαι·
14 As for the cavities, those of large animals have three, those of smaller ones have two, and all have at least one; the reason for this has been stated.
διʼ ἣν δʼ αἰτίαν, είρηται. δεῖ γὰρ εἶναι τόπον τινὰ τῆς καρδίας καὶ ὑποδοχὴν τοῦ πρώτου αἵματος.
For there must be some place in the heart and a receptacle for the first blood.
ὅτι δὲ πρῶτον ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ γίνεται τὸ αἷμα, πολλάκις εἰρήκαμεν, διὰ τὸ τὰς ἀρχηγοὺς φλέβας δύο εἶναι, τήν τε μεγάλην καλουμένην καὶ τὴν ἀορτὴυ.
And that the blood is first formed in the heart, we have often said, because the principal vessels are two, namely, the one called the great vessel and the aorta.
ἑκατέρας γὰρ οὕσης ἀρχῆς τῶν φλεβῶν, καὶ διαφορὰς ἐχουσῶν, περὶ ὧν ὕστερον ἐρονμεν, βέλτιον καὶ τὰς ἀρχὰς αὐτῶν κεχωρίσθαι· τοτο δʼ ἄν εἴη διφυοῦς ὄντος τοῦ αἵματος καὶ κεχωριόμένου.
For since each of them is a principle of the vessels, and they have differences, about which we shall speak later, it is better that their principles also be separated; and this would be the case if the blood has a twofold nature and is separated.
διόπερ ἐν οἷς ἐνδέχεται, δύʼ εἰσὶν ὑποδοχαί.
Therefore, in those where it is possible, there are two receptacles.
ἐνδέχεται δʼ ἐν τοῖς μεγάλοιςʼ τούτων γὰρ ἔχουσι καὶ αἱ καρδίαι μέγεθος.
And it is possible in large animals; for their hearts also have size.
§3.4.1515 ἔτι δὲ βέλτιον τρεῖνεἶναι τὰς κοιλίας, ὅπως ᾖ μία ἀρχὴ κοινή· τὸ δὲ μέσον καὶ περιττὸν ἀρχή· ὥστε μεγέθους δεῖμείξονος αὐταῖς ἀεί, διόω αίμεγίσται τρεῖς ἔχουσι μὸναι.
15 Furthermore, it is better for the cavities to be three, so that there may be one common principle; and the middle and odd is the principle; hence they always need a greater size, which is why only the largest animals have three cavities.
§3.4.1616 τούτων δὲ πλεῖστον μὲν αὶμα καὶ θερμότατον ἔχουσιν αἱ δεξιαί (διὸ καὶ τῶν μερῶν θερμότερα τὰ δεξιά), ἐλάχιστον δὲ καὶ ψυχρότερον αἱ ἀριστεραί, μέσο δʼ αἱ μέσαι τῷ πλήθει καὶ θερμὸτητι.
16 Of these cavities, the right-hand ones contain the most and warmest blood (wherefore the right parts of the body are warmer), the left-hand ones contain the least and colder blood, and the middle ones are intermediate in quantity and warmth.
καθαρύότατον δέ· δεῖ γὰρ τὴν ἀρχὴν ὅτι μάλιστʼ ἠρεμεῖν, τοιαύτη δʼ ἅν εἴη καθαροῦ τὸν αἵματοςω ὄντος, τῷ πλήθει δὲ καὶ θερμότητι μέσου.
But it is the purest; for the principle ought to be as tranquil as possible, and it would be so if the blood is pure and intermediate in quantity and warmth.
ἔχουσι §3.4.1717 δὲ καὶ διάρθρωσίν τινα αί καρδίαι παραπλησίαν ταῖς ῥαφαῖς.
17 The hearts also have a certain articulation similar to sutures.
οὑκ εἰσὶ δὲ συναφεῖς ὥς τινος ἐκ πλειόνων συνθέτου, ἀλλὰ καθάπερ εἴπομεν, διαρθρήσει μᾶλ εἰσὶ δὲ τῶν μὲν αἰσθητικῶν ἀρθρωδέστεραι, τῶν δὲ νωθροτέρων ἀναρθρότεραι, §3.4.1818 καθάπερ αί τῶν ὑῶν.
But they are not joined as if composed of several parts, but rather, as we said, by articulation. And those of sensitive animals are more articulated, while those of duller animals are less articulated, 18 as is the case with those of pigs.
αἱ δὲ διαφοραὶ τῆς κραδίας κατὰ μέγεθός τε καὶ μικρότητα καὶ σκληρὸτητα τε καὶ μαλακότητα τείνουσί πῃ καὶ πρὸς τὰ ἤθη.
The differences in the heart according to size and smallness, and hardness and softness, also extend in some way to the character.
τὰ μὲν γὰρ ἀναίσθητα σκληρὰν ἔχει τὴν καρδίαν καὶ πυκνήν, τὰ δʼ αἰσθητικὰ μαλακωτέραν· καὶ τὰ μὲν μεγάλας ἔχοντα τὰς καρδίας δειλά, τὰ δʼ ἐλάσσους καὶ μέσας θαρραλεωὸτερα.
For those that are insensitive have a hard and dense heart, while those that are sensitive have a softer one; and those that have large hearts are cowardly, while those with smaller and medium ones are more courageous.
τὸ γὰρ συμβαῖνον πάθος ὑπὸ τού φοβεῖσθαι προ῾ϋάρχει τούτοις διὰ τὸ μὴ ἀνάλογον ἔχειν τὸ θερμὸν τῇ καρδίᾳ, μικρὸν δʼ ὄν ἐν μεγάλοις ἀμαυροῦσθαι, καὶ τὸ αἷμα ψυχρὸτερον εἶναι.
For the affection resulting from being afraid is already present in these because they do not have the heat in proportion to the heart, and being small in large hearts, it is obscured, and the blood is colder.
μεγάλας δὲ τὰς καρδίας ἔχουσι λαγώς, ἔλαφος, μές, ὕαινα, ὄνος, πάρδαλις, γαλὴ, καὶ τἆλλα σχεδὸν πάνθʼ ὅσα φανερῶς δειλἀ ἤ διὰ φόβον κακούργα.
The hare, deer, mouse, hyena, donkey, leopard, weasel, and almost all other animals that are manifestly cowardly or mischievous through fear, have large hearts.
§3.4.19παραπλησίως δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν 19 φλεβῶν καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν κοιλιῶν ἔχει· ψυχραὶ γὰρ αί μεγάλαι φλέβες καὶ κοιλίαι.
19 It is similar also in the case of the vessels and the cavities; for large vessels and cavities are cold.
ὥσπερ γὰρ ἐν μικρῷ καὶ ἐν μεγάλῳ οίκήματι τὸ ἴσον πῦρ ἧσσον ἐν τοῖς μείζοσι θερμαίνεε, οὕτω κἀν τούτοις τὸ θερμόν· ἀγγεῖα γὰρ καὶ ἡ φλὲψ καὶ ἡ κοιλία.
For just as in a small and in a large house, an equal fire warms less in the larger, so also does the heat in these; for both the vessel and the cavity are receptacles.
§3.4.20ἔτι δʼ αἱ ἀλλότριαι 20 κινήσεις ἕκαστον τῶν θερμῶν καταψύχουσιν, ἐν δὲ ταῖς εὐρυχωρεστέραις τὸ πνεῦμα πλεῖον, καὶ ἐνισχύει μάλλον· διὸ τῶν μεγαλοκοιλίων οὐδὲν οὐδὲ τῶν μεγαλοφλέβων πῖόν ἐστι κατὰ σάρκα, ἀλλὰ πάντα ἢ τὰ πλεῖστα τῶν τοιούτων ἀδηλόφλεβα καὶ μικροκοίλια φαίνεται,
20 Furthermore, external movements chill each of the warm things, and in the more spacious ones the pneuma is more abundant and prevails more; therefore, none of those with large cavities or large vessels is fat in flesh, but all or most of such animals appear to have indistinct vessels and small cavities.
§3.4.21μόνον δὲ τῶν σπλάγχνων καὶ ὅλως τῶν 21 ἐν τῷ σώματι μορίων ἡ καρδία χαλεπὸν πάθος οὐδὲν ὑποφέρει, καὶ τοῦτʼ εὐλόγωςʼ φθειρομένης γὰρ τῆς ἀρχῆς οὐκ ἔστιν ἐξ οὗ γένοιτʼ ἄν βοήθεια τοῖς ἄλλοις ἐκ ταύτης ἠρτημένοις.
21 Alone of the viscera and in general of the 21 parts in the body, the heart suffers no severe affection, and this is reasonable; for if the principle is destroyed, there is no source from which help could come to the other parts depending on it.
σημεῖον δὲ τοὺ μηθὲν ἐπιδέχεσθαι πάθος τὴν καρδίαν τὸ ἐν μηδενὶ τν θυομένων ίερείων ὦφσθαι τοιοῦτον πάθος περὶ αὐτὴν ὧσπερ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων σπλάγχνων.
And a sign that the heart admits no affection is that in none of the sacrificed victims has such an affection been seen around it as in the other viscera.
οἵ τε γὰρ νεφροὶ πολλάκις φαίνονται λίθων μεστοὶ καὶ φυμάτων καὶ δσθιήνων καὶ τὸ ἧπαρ, ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ ὁ πλεύμων, μάλιστα δʼ ὁ σπλήν.
For the kidneys are often seen full of stones, tumors, and boils, and the liver likewise, as well as the lungs, and most of all the spleen.
§3.4.2222 πολλὰ δὲ καὶ ἕτερα παθήματα συμβαίνοντα περὶ αὐτὰ φαίνεται, ἥκιστα δὲ τοῦ μὲν πλεύμονος περὶ τὴν ἀρτηρίαν, τοῦ δʼ ἥπατος περὶ τὴν σύναψιν τῇ μεγάλῃ φλεβί, καὶ τοῦτʼ εὐλόγως· ταύτῃ γὰρ μάλιστα κοινωνούσι τὴ καρδίᾳ.
22 Many other affections are also seen happening around them, but least of all around the trachea of the lungs, and around the junction of the liver with the great vessel, and this is reasonable; for in this way they are most closely connected with the heart.
ὅσα δὲ διὰ νόσον καὶ τοιαῦτα πάθη φαίνεται τελευτῶντα τῶν ζῴον, τούτοις ἀνατεμνομένοις φαίνεται περὶ τὴν καρδίαν νοσύόδη πάθη.
But those of the animals which are seen to die because of disease and such affections, when dissected, show diseased affections around the heart.