§3.3.1Περὶ μὲν οὖν τῶν ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ μορίων ταύτῃ 3 διωρίσθω, ὑπὸ δὲ τὴν κεφαλὴν ὁ αὐχὴν πεφυκής ἐστι τοῖς ἔχουσιν αὐχένα τῶν ζῷόων.
So, let the parts in the head be defined in this way 3; and under the head, the neck naturally exists in those of the animals that have a neck.
οὐ γὰρ πάέντα τούτο τὸ μόριον ἔχει, ἀλλὰ μόνα τὰ ἔχοντα ὡν χάριν ὁ αὐχὴν πέφυκεν· ταῦτα δʼ ἐστὶν ὅ τε φάρυγξ καὶ ὁ καλούμενος οἰσοφάγος,
For not all of them have this part, but only those that have that for the sake of which the neck naturally exists; and these are the pharynx and what is called the oesophagus.
§3.3.2ὁ μὲν σὖν φάρυγξ τοῦ 2 πνεύματος ἕνεκεν πέφυκεν· διὰ τούτου γὰρ είσάγεται τὸ πνεὺμα τὰ ζῷα καὶ ἐκπέμπει ἀναπνέοντα καὶ ἐκπνέοντα.
The pharynx, then, naturally exists for the sake of 2 the breath; for through this, animals introduce and send out the breath when breathing in and breathing out.
διὸ τὰ μὴ ἔχοντα πλεύμονα οὐκ ἔχουσιν οὐδʼ αὐχένα, οἷον τὸ τῶν ἐχθύων γένος.
Therefore, those that do not have lungs do not have a neck either, such as the class of fishes.
ὁ δʼ οἰσοφάγος ἐστὶ ὄι σὗ ἡ τροφὴ πορεύεται εἰς τὴν κοιλίαν· ὥσθʼ ὅσα μὴ ἔχει αὐχένα, οὐδʼ οἰσοφάγον ἐπιδήλως ἔχουσιν.
But the oesophagus is that through which food travels to the stomach; so that as many as do not have a neck do not have a clearly visible oesophagus either.
οὐκ ἀναγκαῖον δʼ ἔχειν τὸν οἰσοφάγον τῆς τροφῆς ἕνεκεν· οὐθὲν γὰρ παρασκευάζει πρὸς αὑτήν.
But it is not necessary to have the oesophagus for the sake of food; for it prepares nothing for it.
§3.3.33 ἔτι δὲ μετὰ τὴν τοῦ στόματος θέσιν ἐνδέχεται κεῖσθαι τὴν κοιλίαν εὐθέως, τὸν δὲ πλεύμονα οὑκ ἐνδέχεται.
3 Furthermore, while it is possible for the stomach to lie immediately after the position of the mouth, it is not possible for the lung to do so.
δεῖ γὰρ εἶναί τινα κοινὸν οἷον αὐλῶνα, διʼ οὐ μεριεῖται τὸ πνεὺμα κατὰ τὰς ἀρτηρίας είς τὰς σύριγγας, διμερὴς ὤν· καὶ κάλλιστʼ ἄν οὕτως ἀποτελοῖ τὴν ἀναπνοὴν καὶ ἐκπνοήν.
For there must be some common pipe, as it were, through which the breath will be divided along the windpipes into the cavities, being two-parted; and in this way it would best perform inhalation and exhalation.
τοῦ δʼ ὀργάνου τού περὶ τὴν ἀναπνοὴν ἐξ ἀνάγκης ἔχοντος μῆκος, ἀναγκαῖον τὸν οίσοφάγον εἶναι μεταξὺ τού στόματος καὶ τῆς κοιλίας.
And since the organ concerned with respiration of necessity has length, it is necessary that the oesophagus be between the mouth and the stomach.
ἔστι δʼ ὁ μὲν οἰσοφάγος σαρκώδης, ἔχων νευρώδη τάσιν, νευρώδης μιέν, ὅπως ἔχῃ διάτασιν εἰσιούσης τῆς τροφῆς, σαρκύόδηςς δέ, ὅπως μαλακὸς ᾖ καὶ ἐνδιδ καὶ μὴ βλάπτηται τραχυνόμενος ὑπὸ τῶν κατιόντων.
And the oesophagus is fleshy, having a sinewy tension—sinewy so that it may have expansion as the food enters, and fleshy so that it may be soft and yielding, and not be harmed by being scraped by the things going down.
§3.3.44 ἡ δὲ καλουμένη φάέρυγξ καὶ ἀρτηρία συνέστηκεν ἐκ χονδρωύδους σήματοςʼ σὐ γὰρ μόνον ἀναπνοῆς ἓνεκέν ἐστιν ἀλλὰ καὶ ψωνῆς, δεῖ δὲ τὸ ψοφήσειν μέλλον λεῖον εἶναι καὶ στερεὸτητα ἔχειν.
4 And what is called the pharynx and windpipe consists of a cartilaginous body; for it is not only for the sake of respiration but also for voice, and that which is going to make a sound must be smooth and have hardness.
κεῖται δʼ ἔμπροσθεν ἡ ἀρτηρία τοῦ οἰσοφάγου, καίπερ ἐμποδίξουσα αὐτὸν περὶ τὴν ὑποδοχὴν τῆς τροφης· ἐὰν γάρ τι παρεισρυῇ ξηρὸν ἡ ὑγρὸν είς τὴν ἀρτηρίαν, πνιγμοὺς καὶ πόνους καὶ βῆχας χαλεπὰς ἐμποιεῖ.
And the windpipe lies in front of the oesophagus, although it obstructs it regarding the reception of food; for if any dry or liquid thing slips into the windpipe, it produces choking, pain, and severe coughing.
ὅ δὴ καὶ θαυμάσειεν ἄν τις τῶν λεγόντων ὡς ταύτῃ τὸ ποτὸν δέχεται τὸ ζῷον· συμβαίνει γὰρ φανερῶς τὰ λεχθέντα πᾶσιν, οἷς ἂν παραρρυῇ τι τῆς τροφῆς.
This indeed is what one might wonder at in those who say that by this way the animal receives drink; for what has been said clearly happens to all in whom any of the food slips in.
§3.3.55 πολλαχ δὲ γελοῖον φαίνεται τὸ λέγειν ὡς ταύτῃ τὸ ποτὸν εἰσδέχεται τὰ ζῷα.
5 And in many ways it appears ridiculous to say that by this way animals receive drink.
πόρος γὰρ οὐδείς ἐστιν είς τὴν κοιλίαν ἀπὸ τού πλεύμονος, ὥσπερ ἐκ τοῦ στόμιατος δρήμεν τὸν οἰσοφάγον.
For there is no passage into the stomach from the lung, as we see the oesophagus from the mouth.
ἔτι δʼ ἐν τοῖς ἐμέτοις καὶ ναυτίαις οὐκ ἄδηλον πόθεν τὸ ὑγρὸν φαίνεται πορευὸμενον.
Furthermore, in vomiting and nausea, it is not unclear from where the liquid is seen to travel.
§3.3.66 δῆλον δὲ καὶ ὅτι οὐκ εὐθέως είς τὴν κύστιν συλλέγεται τὸ ὑγρόν, ἀλλʼ είς τὴν κοιλίαν πρὸτερον· τὰ γὰρ τῆς κοιλίας περιττματα φαίνεται χροματίζειν ἡ ἰλὺς τοῦ μέλανος οἴνου· συμβέβηκε δὲ τούτο πολλάκις φανερὸν καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν είς τὴν κοιλίαν τραυμάτων.
6 And it is also clear that the liquid does not collect immediately into the bladder, but into the stomach first; for the sediment of dark wine is seen to color the residues of the stomach; and this has often occurred clearly also in wounds into the stomach.
ἀλλὰ γὰρ ἴσως εὔηθες τὸ τοὺς εὐήθεις τῶν λόγων λίαν ἐξετάζειν.
But indeed, perhaps it is silly to examine silly arguments too closely.