§3.2.7ὀρθῶς δὲ καὶ τὸ ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς ποιῆσαι τὴν τῶν κεράτων φύσιν, ἀλλα μὴ καθάπερ ὁ Αἰσύπου Μῶμος διαμέμφεται τὸν ταύρον ὅτι οὑκ ἐπὶ τοῖς ὤμοις ἔχει τὰ κέρατα, ὅθεν τὰς πληγὰς ἐποιεῖτʼ ἂν ἰσχυροτάτας, ἀλλʼ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀσθενεστάτου μέρους τῆς κεφαλῆς.
It is also right that [nature] made the nature of horns on the head, and not as Aesop's Momus blames the bull because he does not have his horns on his shoulders, from where he would have made his blows strongest, but on the weakest part of the head.
οὐ γὰρ ὀξύ βλέπων ὁ Μῶμος ταῦτʼ ἐπετίμησεν.
For Momus did not look with sharp sight when he criticized this.
ὥσπερ γὰρ καὶ εἰ ἑτέρωθί που τού σώματος κέρατα ἐπεφύκει, βάρος ἂν παρεῖχεν ἄλλως οὐδὲν ὄντα χρήσιμα κἄν ἐμπόδια τῶν ἔργων πολλοῖς ἦν, οὕτω καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ὤμων πεφυκότα.
For just as, if horns had grown elsewhere on the body, they would have presented a weight while being otherwise of no use and would have been obstacles to many actions, so also if they had grown on the shoulders.
οὐ γὰρ μόνον χρὴ σκοπεῖν πόθεν ἰσχυρὸτεραι σἱ πληγαί, ἀλλὰ καὶ πόθεν πορρώτεραι· ὥστʼ ἐπεὶ χεῖρας μὲν οὐκ ἔχουσιν, ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν ποδῶν ἀδύνατον, ἐν δὲ τοῖς γὸνασιν ὄντα τὴν κάμψιν ἐκήὸλυεν ἂν, ἀναγκαῖον ὥσπερ νῦν ἔχουσιν, ἐπὶ τῆς κεφαλῆς ἔχειν.
For one must not only consider from where the blows are stronger, but also from where they can reach further; so that, since they do not have hands, and on the feet it is impossible, and if they were on the knees they would prevent bending, it is necessary, just as they now have them, to have them on the head.
§3.2.88 ἅμα δὲ καὶ πρὸς τὰς ἄλλας κινήσεις τοῦ σώματος ἀνεμπὸδιστα πέφυκεν οὕτω μιάλισταἔστι δὲ τὰ κέρατα διʼ ὅλου στερεὰ τοῖς ἐλάφοις μόνοις, καὶ ἀποβάλλει μόνον, ἕνεκεν μὲν ὠφελείας κουφιζόμενον, ἐξ ἀνάγκης δὲ διὰ τὸ βάρος.
8 And at the same time, in this way they are naturally least obstructive to the other movements of the body. And horns are solid throughout in deer alone, and [the deer] alone sheds them, being lightened for the sake of benefit, but out of necessity because of the weight.
τῶν δʼ ἄλλων τὰ κέρατα μέχρι τινὸς κοῖλα, τὰ δʼ ἄκρα στερεὰ διὰ τὸ πρὸς τὰς πληγἀς τοῦτʼ εἶναι χρήσιμον.
But the horns of other animals are hollow up to a certain point, and their tips are solid because this is useful for blows.
ὅπως δὲ μηδὲ τὸ κοῖλον ἀσθενὲς ᾖ, οὐ πέφυκεν ἐκ τοῦ δέρματος, ἐν τούτῳ δʼ ἐνἡρμοσται στερεὸν ἐκ τῶν ὀστῶν· οὕτω γὰρ καὶ τὰ κέρατα ἔχοντα πρὸς ἀλκήν τε χρησιμύτατʼ εἶναι καὶ πρὸς τὸν ἄλλον βίον ἀνοχλὸτατα.
And in order that the hollow part may not be weak, it does not grow from the skin, but in it a solid part from the bones is fitted; for in this way, the horns are both most useful for prowess and least troublesome for the rest of life.
§3.2.99 τίνος μὲν οὗν ἕνεκεν ἡ τῶν κεράτων φύσις, είρηται, καὶ διἀ τίνʼ αἰτίαν τὰ μὲν ἔχουσι τοιαύτα τὰ δʼ οὐκ ἔχουσιν· πῶς δὲ τῆς ἀναγκαίας φύσεως ἐχούσης τοῖς ὑπάρχουσιν ἐξ ἀνάγκης ἡ κατὰ τὸν λόγον φύσις ἕνεκά του κατακέχρηται, λέγωμεν.
9 For what purpose, then, the nature of horns exists, has been said, and for what cause some animals have them while others do not; but how, while necessary nature behaves in this way, formal nature has made use of what exists of necessity for the sake of something, let us say.
πρῶτον μὲν σὗν τὸ σωμιατὧδες καὶ γεῶδες πλεῖον ὑπάρχει τοῖς μείζοσι τῶν ζῴων, κερατοφόρον δὲ μικρὸν πάμπαν οὐδὲν ἴσμεν· ἐλάχιστον γάρ ἐστι τῶν γνωριζομένων δορκάς.
First of all, then, the corporeal and earthy matter is present in greater quantity in larger animals, and we know of no completely small horn-bearing animal; for the smallest of those known is the gazelle.
§3.2.1010 δεῖ δὲ τὴν φύσιν θεωρεῖν εἰς τὰ πολλὰ βλέποντα· ἢ γὰρ ἐν τῷ παντὶ ἢ ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ τὸ κατὰ φύσιν ἐστίν.
10 And one must view nature by looking at the majority of cases; for what is natural is either in all cases or for the most part.
τὸ δʼ ὸστῶδες ἐν τοῖς σώὸμασι τῶν ζῴων γεῶδες ὑπάρχει· διὸ καὶ πλεῖστον ἐν τοῖς μεγίστοις ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολύ βλέψαντας εἰπεῖν.
And the bony matter in the bodies of animals is earthy; therefore, looking at things for the most part, one might say that it is also most abundant in the largest.
§3.2.11τὴν γοῦν τοιούτου σώματος περιττωματικὴν 11 ὑπερβολὴν ἐν τοῖς μείζοσι τῶν ζῷων ὑπἀρχουσαν ἐπὶ βοήθειαν καὶ τὸ συμφέρον καταχρῆται ἡ φύσις, καὶ τὴν ῥέουσαν ἐξ ἀναγκης είς τὸν ἄνω τόπον τοῖς μὲν εἰς ὀδόντας καὶ χαυλιόδοντας ἀπένειμε, τοῖς δʼ εἰς κέρατα.
Nature, then, makes use of the surplus excess of such material, which is present in the larger animals, for protection and benefit, and that which flows of necessity to the upper region she distributed to some for teeth and tusks, and to others for horns.
διὸ τῶν κερατοφόρων οὐδέν ἐστιν ἄμφωδον· ἄνω γὰρ οὐκ ἔχει τοὺς προσθίους ἀδάντας· ἀφελοῦσα γὰρ ἐντεύθεν ἡ φύσις τοῖς κέρασι προσέθηκε, καὶ ἡ διδομένη τροφὴ είς τοὺς ὀδόντας τούτους είς τὴν τῶν κεράτων αὔξησιν ἀναλίσκεται.
Therefore, none of the horn-bearing animals has teeth in both jaws; for they do not have front teeth in the upper jaw; for having taken away from there, nature added it to the horns, and the nourishment that would have been given to these teeth is consumed for the growth of the horns.
§3.2.12τοῦ δὲ τὰς θηλείας ἐλάφους κέρατα μὲν μὴ ἔχειν, 12 περὶ δὲ τοὺς ὀδόντας ὁμοίως τοῖς ἄρρεσιν, αἴτιον τὸ τὴν αὐτὴν εἶναι φύσιν ἀμφοῖν καὶ κερατοφόρον.
And as for the female deer not having horns, while being similar to the males regarding their teeth, the cause is that the nature of both is the same and horn-bearing.
ἀφῄρηται δὲ τὰ κέρατα ταῖς θηλείαις διὰ τὸ χρὴσιμα μὲν μὴ εἶναι μηδὲ τοῖς ἄρρεσιν, βλάπτεσθαι δʼ ἧσσον διἀ τὴν ἰσχύν.
But horns have been taken away from the females because they are not useful even to the males, while [the males] are less harmed because of their strength.
τῶν δʼ ἄλλων ζῴων ὅσοις μὴ είς κέρατα ἀποκρίνεται τὸ τοιοὺτον μὸριοον τού σώματος, ἐνίοις μὲν τῶν ὀδόντων οὐτων ἐπηύξησε τὸ μέγεθος κοινῇ πάντων, ἐνίοις δὲ χαυλιόδοντας ὥσπερ κέρατα ἐκ τῶν γνάθων ἐποίησεν.
And of the other animals, in those in whom such a part of the body is not separated into horns, in some she increased the size of their teeth generally for all of them, and in others she made tusks like horns from their jaws.