§3.14.8διὰ τὴν αὐτὴν δʼ αἰτίαν καὶ τὸ τῶν ὀρνίθων 8 γένος ἔχει διαφορὰν περὶ τὸ τῆς τροφῆς δεκτικὸν μόριον.
8 For the same cause, the class of birds also has a difference concerning the part that receives food.
ἐπεὶ γὰρ οὐδὲ ταῦτα ὅλως τὴν τοῦ στόματος ἀποδίδωσι λειτουργίαν (ἀνόδοντα γάρ) καὶ οὔθʼ ᾧ διαιρήσει οὔθʼ ᾧ λεανεῖ τὴν τροφὴν ἔχουσι, διὰ τοῦτο τὰ μὲν πρὸ τῆς κοιλίας ἔχουσι τὸν καλούμενον πρόλοβον ἀντὶ τῆς τοῦ στόματος ἐργασίας, οἱ δὲ τὸν οἰσοφάγον πλατύν, ἢ πρὸ τῆς κοιλίας αὐτοῦ μέρος τι ὀγκῶδες ἐν ᾧ προθησαυρίζουσι τὴν ἀκατέργαστον τροφήν, ἤ τῆς κοιλίας αὐτῆς τι ἐπανεστηκὸς, οἱ δʼ αὐτὴν τὴν κοιλίαν ἰσχυρὰν καὶ σαρκώδη πρὸς τὸ δύνασθαι πολὺν χρόνον θησαυρίζειν καὶ πέττειν ἀλείαντον οὖσαν τὴν τροφὴν· τῇ δυνάμει γὰρ καὶ τῇ θερμότητι τῆς κοιλίας ἡ φύσις ἀναλαμβάνει τὴν τοῦ στύματος ἔνδειαν. §3.14.99 εἰσὶ δέ τινες οἳ τούτων οὐδὲν ἔχουσιν, ἀλλὰ τὸν πρόλοβον μακρόν, ὅσα μακροσκελῆ καὶ ἕλεια, διὰ τὴν τῆς τροφῆς ὑγρότητα.
For since these too do not perform the function of the mouth at all (for they are toothless) and have neither anything with which they will divide nor anything with which they will grind the food, for this reason some have before the stomach what is called the crop, instead of the operation of the mouth; others have a wide esophagus, or before the stomach a certain bulbous part of the esophagus itself in which they pre-store the unprocessed food; others have a certain projecting part of the stomach itself; and others have the stomach itself strong and fleshy so as to be able to store and digest for a long time the food which is unground; for by the power and warmth of the stomach nature makes up for the deficiency of the mouth. 9 But there are some which have none of these, but instead have a long crop—namely those that are long-legged and marsh-dwelling—on account of the moisture of their food.
αἴτιον δʼ ὅτι ἡ τροφὴ πᾶσι τούτοις εὐλέαντος, ὥστε συμβαίνειν διὰ ταύτα τῶν τοιούτων τὰς κοιλίας εἶναι ὑγρὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπεψίαν καὶ τὴν τροφήν. §3.14.1010 τὸ δὲ τῶν ἐχθύων γένος ἔχει μὲν ὀδόντας, τούτους δὲ καρχαρόδοντας σχεδὸν ὡς εἰπεῖν πάντας· ὀλίγον γάρ τί ἐστι γένος τὸ μὴ τοιοῦτον, οἷον ὁ καλούμενος σκάρος, ὃς δὴ καὶ δοκεῖ μηρυκάζειν εὐλόγως διὰ ταῦτα μόνος· καὶ γὰρ τὰ μὴ ἀμφώδοντα κερατοφόρα δὲ μηρυκάζει. §3.14.1111 ὀξεῖς δὲ πάντες ἔχουσιν, ὥστε διελεῖν μὲν δύνανται, φαύλως δὲ διελεῖν·
And the cause is that for all these the food is easily ground, so that for this reason the stomachs of such animals happen to be wet because of the lack of digestion and the food. 10 On the other hand, the class of fishes has teeth, and these are, one might almost say, all serrated; for there is only a small class which is not of this kind, such as the fish called scarus, which indeed is reasonably thought to be the only one that ruminates because of these things; for those animals that do not have teeth in both jaws but have horns also ruminate. 11 And they all have sharp teeth, so that they can indeed divide their food, but only poorly; for it is not possible for them to linger and spend time over it.
ἐνδιατρίβειν γὰρ οὐχ οἷόν τε χρονίζοντας. διόπερ οὐδὲ πλατεῖς ἔχουσιν ὀδόντας, οὐδʼ ἐνδέχεται λεαίνειν·
Therefore they do not have broad teeth, nor is it possible for them to grind it; for they would have them in vain.
μάτην ἂν οὖν εἶχον ἔτι δὲ στόμαχον οἱ μὲν ὅλως οὐκ ἔχουσιν, οἱ δὲ βραχύν.
Furthermore, some have no esophagus at all, while others have a short one.
ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὴν βοήθειαν τῆς πέψεως οἱ μὲν ὁρνιθώδεις ἔχουσι τὰς κοιλίας καὶ σαρκώδεις, οἷον κεστρεύς, οἱ δὲ πολλοὶ παρὰ τὴν κοιλίαν ἀποφυάδας πυκνάς, ἵνʼ ἐν ταύταις ὧσπερ ἐν προλακκίοις θησαυρίζοντες συσσήπωσι καὶ πέττωσι τὴν τροφήν. §3.14.1212 ἔχουσι δʼ ἐναντίως οἱ ἰχθύες τοῖς ὄρνισι τὰς ἀποφυάδας· οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἰχθύες ἄνω πρὸς τῇ κοιλίᾳ, τῶν δʼ ὀρνίθων οἱ ἔχοντες ἀποφυάδας κάτω πρὸς τῷ τέλει τοῦ ἐντέρου.
But to assist digestion, some have stomach like birds, fleshy, as the cestreus; while most of them have dense appendages alongside the stomach, so that, storing the food in these as if in pre-vessels, they may let it decompose together and digest it. 12 But fishes have these appendages in the opposite position to birds; for fishes have them upper near the stomach, whereas those of the birds that have appendages have them lower near the end of the intestine.
ἔχουσι δʼ ἀποφυάδας ἔνια καὶ τῶν ζῳοτόκων ἐντερικὰς κάτω διὰ τὴν αὐτὴν αἰτίαν. §3.14.13τὸ δὲ τῶν ἰχθύων γένος ἅπαν, διὰ 13 τὸ ἐνδεεστέρως ἔχειν τὰ περὶ τὴν τῆς τροφῆς ἐργασίαν, ἀλλʼ ἄπεπτα διαχωρεῖν, λαίμαργον πρὸς τὴν τροφὴν ἐστε, καὶ τῶν ἄλλων δὲ πάντων ὅσα εὐθυέντερα ταχείας γὰρ γινομένης τῆς διαχωρὴσεως, καὶ διὰ ταύτα βραχείας οὔσης τῆς ἀπολαύσεως, ταχεῖαν ἀναγκαῖον γίνεσθαι πάλιν καὶ τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν. §3.14.14τὰ 14 δʼ ἀμφώδοντα ὅτι μὲν μικρὰν ἔχει κοιλίαν, εἴρηται πρότερον, εἰς διαφορὰς δὲ πίπτουσι δύο πᾶσαι σχεδόν· τὰ μὲν γὰρ τῇ τῆς κυνὸς ὁμοίαν ἔχουσι κοιλίαν, τὰ δὲ τῇ τῆς ὑός· ἔστι δʼ ἡ μὲν τῆς ὑὸς μείζων καί τινας ἔχουσα μετρίας πλάκας πρὸς τὸ χρονιωτέραν γίνεσθαι τὴν πέψιν, ἡ δὲ τῆς κυνὸς μικρὰ τὸ μέγεθος καὶ ο πολὺ τοῦ ἐντέρου ὑπερβάλλουσα καὶ λεία τὰ ἐντὸς.
And some of the viviparous animals also have intestinal appendages lower down, for the same cause. 13 And the whole class of fishes, because of being deficient in matters concerning the processing of food, and discharging it undigested, is gluttonous towards food, as are indeed all other animals that have a straight intestine; for since the discharge occurs quickly, and for this reason the enjoyment is brief, it is necessary that the desire also arises quickly again. 14 On the other hand, that those with teeth in both jaws have a small stomach has been said before, but they almost all fall into two differences: for some have a stomach similar to that of a dog, and others to that of a pig; and that of the pig is larger and has some moderate folds so that the digestion becomes more prolonged, while that of the dog is small in size, not much exceeding the intestine, and smooth inside.
μετὰ γὰρ τὴν κοιλίαν ἡ τῶν ἐντέρων ἔγκειται φύσις πᾶσι τοῖς ζῴοις.
For after the stomach, the nature of the intestines is situated in all animals.