§3.14.114 Ὑπὸ δὲ τὸ ὑπόζωμα κεῖται ἡ κοιλία τοῖς ζῴοις, τοῖς μὲν ἔχουσιν οἰσοφάγον ᾖ τελευτᾷ τοῦτο τὸ μόριον, τοῖς δὲ μὴ ἔχουσιν εὐθὺς πρὸς τῷ στόματι· τῆς δὲ κοιλίας ἐχόμενον τὸ καλούμενον ἔντερον.
14 Below the diaphragm lies the stomach in animals, at the point where this part ends in those that have an esophagus, and immediately next to the mouth in those that do not have one; and connected with the stomach is what is called the intestine. 2 For what cause each of the animals has these parts is clear to everyone.
§3.14.22 διʼ ἣν δʼ αἰτίαν ἔχει ταῦτα τὰ μόρια τῶν ζῴων ἕκαστον, φανερὸν πᾶσιν. καὶ γὰρ δέξασθαι τὴν εἰσελθοῦσαν τροφὴν καὶ τὴν ἐξικμασμένην ἀναγκαῖον ἐκπέμψαι, καὶ μὴ τὸν αὐτὸν τόπον εἶναι τῆς τʼ ἀπέπτου καὶ τού περιττώματος, εἶναί τέ τινα δεῖ τόπον ἐν ᾧ μεταβάλλει.
For it is necessary to receive the incoming food and to send out that which has been deprived of its moisture, and that the place of the undigested food and that of the residue should not be the same, and there must be some place in which it changes.
τὸ μὲν γὰρ τὴν εἰσελθοῦσαν ἕξει μόριον, τὸ δὲ τὸ περίττωμα τὸ ἄχρηστον· ὥσπερ δὲ χρόνος ἕτερος ἑκατέρου τούτων, ἀναγκαῖον διειλῆφθαι καὶ τοῖς τόποις. §3.14.33 ἀλλὰ περὶ μὲν τούτων ἐν τοῖς περὶ τὴν γένεσιν καὶ τὴν τροφὴν οἰκειότερός ἐστιν ὁ διορισμός· περὶ δὲ τῆς διαφορᾶς τῆς κοιλίας καὶ τῶν συντελῶν μορίων νῦν ἐπισκεπτέον. §3.14.44 οὔτε γὰρ τοῖς μεγέθεσιν οὔτε τοῖς εἴδεσιν ὁμοίας ἔχουσιν ἀλλήλοις τὰ ζῷα· ἀλλʼ ὅσα μέν ἐστιν αὐτῶν ἀμφώδοντα τῶν ἐναίμων καὶ τῶν ζῳοτόκων, μίαν ἔχει κοιλίαν, οἷον ἄνθρωπος καὶ κύων καὶ λέων καὶ τἆλλα ὅσα πολυδάκτυλα, καὶ ὅσα μώνυχα, οἷον ἵππος, ὀρεύς, ὄνος, καὶ ὅσα διχαλὰ μὲν ἀμφώδοντα δέ, οἷον ὗς, πλὴν εἰ μὴ τι διὰ μέγεθος τοῦ σήματος καὶ τὴν τῆς τροφῆς δύναμιν, οὖσαν οὐκ εὔπεπτον ἀλλʼ ἀκανθώδη καὶ ξυλικὴν, ἔχει πλείους, οἷον κάμηλος, ὥσπερ καὶ τὰ κερατοφόρα.
For one part will hold the incoming food, and the other the useless residue; and just as the time of each of these is different, it is necessary that they also be separated by their places. 3 But concerning these things, the definition is more appropriate in the treatises on generation and nutrition; but concerning the difference of the stomach and its contributing parts, we must now investigate. 4 For animals do not have stomachs similar to one another either in sizes or in shapes; but those of the red-blooded and viviparous animals that have teeth in both jaws have a single stomach, such as man, dog, lion, and all other polydactylous animals, and those that are solid-hoofed, such as the horse, the mule, the ass, and those that are cloven-hoofed but have teeth in both jaws, such as the pig—unless indeed some animal, because of the size of its body and the nature of its food, which is not easy of digestion but thorny and woody, has more than one, as the camel, just like the horned animals.
τὰ γὰρ κερατοφόρα οὐκ ἔστιν ἀμφώδοντα· διὰ τοῦτο δὲ καὶ ἡ κάμηλος οὐ τῶν ἀμφωδόντων ἐστίν, ἀκέρατος οὖσα, διὰ τὸ ἀναγκαιότερον εἶναι αὐτ τὴν κοιλίαν ἔχειν τοιαύτην ἢ τοὺς προσθίους ὀδόντας.
For the horned animals do not have teeth in both jaws; and because of this, the camel also is not one of those with teeth in both jaws, though it is hornless, because it is more necessary for it to have such a stomach than to have front teeth.
ὥστʼ ἐπεὶ ταύτην ὁμοίαν ἔχει τοῖς μὴ ἀμφώδουσι, καὶ τὰ περὶ τοὺς ὀδόντας ὁμοίως ἔχει αὐτῇ, ὡς οὐδὲν ὄντας προέργου. §3.14.5ἅμα δὲ καὶ ἐπεὶ ἡ τροφὴ ἀκανθώδης, τὴν 5 δὲ γλῶτταν ἀνάγκη σαρκώδη εἶναι, πρὸς σκληρότητα τοῦ οὐρανοῦ κατακέχρηται τῷ ἐκ τῶν ὀδόντων γεώδει ἡ φύσις.
Therefore, since it has this stomach similar to those that do not have teeth in both jaws, the matters concerning its teeth are also in a similar state, as if they were of no help. And at the same time, since the food is thorny, 5 and the tongue must be fleshy, nature has made use of the earthy matter from the teeth for the hardness of the palate.
§3.14.6καὶ μηρυκάζει δʼ ἡ κάμηλος ὧσπερ τὰ 6 κερατοφόρα, διὰ τὸ τὰς κοιλίας ὁμοίας ἔχειν τοῖς κερατοφόροις.
And the camel ruminates just like the 6 horned animals, because of having stomachs similar to those of the horned animals.
τούτων δ᾿ ἕκαστον πλείους ἔχει κοιλίας, οἷον πρόβατον, βοῦς, αἴξ, ἔλαφος, καὶ τἆλλα τὰ τοιαῦτα τῶν ζῴων, ὅπως ἐπειδὴ τῆς ἐργασίας ἐλλείπει περὶ τὴν τροφὴν ἡ λειτουργία ἡ τοῦ στόματος διὰ τὴν ἔνδειαν τῶν ὀδόντων, ἡ τῶν κοιλιῶν ἑτέρα πρὸς ἑτέρας δεχομένη τὴν τροφὴν, ἡ μὲν ἀκατέργαστον, ἡ δὲ κατειργασμένην μᾶλλον, ἡ δὲ πάμπαν, ἡ δὲ λείαν.
Each of these has several stomachs, such as the sheep, the ox, the goat, the deer, and other such animals, so that since the office of the mouth in processing the food is deficient owing to the lack of teeth, one stomach after another receives the food, one receiving it unprocessed, another more processed, another entirely, and another smoothly.
διὸ τὰ τοιαύτα τῶν ζῴων πλείους ἔχει τόπους καὶ μόρια. §3.14.7καλοῦνται δὲ ταύτα κοιλία καὶ κεκρύφαλος 7 καὶ ἐχῖνος καὶ ἤνυστρον.
Therefore such animals have more places and parts. And these are called the rumen, the reticulum, 7 the omasum, and the abomasum.
ὄν δʼ ἔχει τρόπον ταῦτα πρὸς ἄλληλα τῇ θέσει καὶ τοῖς εἴδεσιν, ἔκ τε τῆς ἱστορίας τῆς περὶ τὰ ζῷα δεῖ θεωρεῖν καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἀνατομῶν.
In what way these are related to one another in position and in shapes must be observed both from the *History of Animals* and from the dissections.