§2.9#19 περὶ δὲ ἀστραπῆς καὶ βροντῆς, ἔτι δὲ περὶ τυφῶνος καὶ πρηστῆρος καὶ κεραυνῶν λέγωμεν· καὶ γὰρ τούτων τὴν αὐτὴν ἀρχὴν ὑπολαβεῖν δεῖ πάντων.
9 Let us now speak of lightning and thunder, and further of typhoons, whirlwinds, and thunderbolts; for we must assume the same origin for all of these.
τῆς γὰρ ἀναθυμιάσεως, ὥσπερ εἴπομεν, οὔσης διττῆς, τῆς μὲν ὑγρᾶς τῆς δὲ ξηρᾶς, καὶ τῆς συγκρίσεως ἐχούσης ἄμφω ταῦτα δυνάμει καὶ συνισταμένης εἰς νέφος, ὥσπερ εἴρηται πρότερον, ἔτι δὲ πυκνοτέρας τῆς συστάσεως τῶν νεφῶν γιγνομένης πρὸς τὸ ἔσχατον πέρας (ᾗ γὰρ ἐκλείπει τὸ θερμὸν διακρινόμενον εἰς τὸν ἄνω τόπον, ταύτῃ πυκνοτέραν καὶ ψυχροτέραν ἀναγκαῖον εἶναι τὴν σύστασιν· διὸ καὶ οἱ κεραυνοὶ καὶ οἱ ἐκνεφίαι καὶ πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτα φέρεται κάτω, καίτοι πεφυκότος ἄνω τοῦ θερμοῦ φέρεσθαι παντός· ἀλλʼ εἰς τοὐναντίον τῆς πυκνότητος ἀναγκαῖον γίγνεσθαι τὴν ἔκθλιψιν, οἷον οἱ πυρῆνες οἱ ἐκ τῶν δακτύλων ἐκπηδῶντες· καὶ γὰρ ταῦτα βάρος ἔχοντα φέρεται πολλάκις ἄνω)· ἡ μὲν οὖν ἐκκρινομένη θερμότης εἰς τὸν ἄνω διασπείρεται τόπον· ὅση δʼ ἐμπεριλαμβάνεται τῆς ξηρᾶς ἀναθυμιάσεως ἐν τῇ μεταβολῇ ψυχομένου τοῦ ἀέρος, αὕτη συνιόντων τῶν νεφῶν ἐκκρίνεται, βίᾳ δὲ φερομένη καὶ προσπίπτουσα τοῖς περιεχομένοις νέφεσι ποιεῖ πληγήν, ἧς ὁ ψόφος καλεῖται βροντή.
For since, as we have said, the exhalation is twofold, one part wet and the other dry, and their combination contains both of these potentially and condenses into a cloud, as was said before, and furthermore, as the condensation of the clouds becomes denser towards the outermost limit (for where the heat departs, being separated into the upper region, there the condensation must of necessity be denser and colder; wherefore both thunderbolts and hurricanes and all such things are carried downwards, although all heat naturally tends to be carried upwards; but the squeezing out must of necessity occur in the direction opposite to the density, just like fruit-stones that squeeze out from between the fingers; for these, too, although having weight, are often carried upwards) — the heat that is separated, then, is dispersed into the upper region; but whatever of the dry exhalation is caught inside during the change as the air cools, this is squeezed out as the clouds come together, and being carried with force and striking against the surrounding clouds, it produces an impact, the noise of which is called thunder.
γίγνεται δʼ ἡ πληγὴ τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον, ὡς παρεικάσαι μείζονι μικρὸν πάθος, τῷ ἐν τῇ φλογὶ γιγνομένῳ ψόφῳ, ὃν καλοῦσιν οἱ μὲν τὸν Ἥφαιστον γελᾶν, οἱ δὲ τὴν Ἑστίαν, οἱ δʼ ἀπειλὴν τούτων.
And this impact occurs in the same way (to compare a small experience to a greater one) as the noise produced in a flame, which some call the laughter of Hephaestus, others of Hestia, and others a threat of these deities.
γίγνεται δʼ ὅταν ἡ ἀναθυμίασις εἰς τὴν φλόγα συνεστραμμένη φέρηται, ῥηγνυμένων καὶ ξηραινομένων τῶν ξύλων· οὕτως γὰρ καὶ ἐν τοῖς νέφεσι ἡ γιγνομένη τοῦ πνεύματος ἔκκρισις πρὸς τὴν πυκνότητα τῶν νεφῶν ἐμπίπτουσα ποιεῖ τὴν βροντήν.
And it occurs when the exhalation is carried into the flame in a concentrated mass, as the wood cracks and dries; for in the same way, the squeezing out of the wind (breath) that occurs in the clouds, when it falls against the density of the clouds, produces thunder.
παντοδαποὶ δὲ ψόφοι διὰ τὴν ἀνωμαλίαν τε γίγνονται τῶν νεφῶν καὶ διὰ τὰς μεταξὺ κοιλίας, ᾗ τὸ συνεχὲς ἐκλείπει τῆς πυκνότητος.
And all kinds of noises occur both because of the unevenness of the clouds and because of the hollow spaces between them, where the continuity of their density fails.
ἡ μὲν οὖν βροντἡ τοῦτʼ ἔστι, καὶ γίγνεται διὰ ταύτην τὴν αἰτίαν· τὸ δὲ πνεῦμα τὸ ἐκθλιβόμενον τὰ πολλὰ μὲν ἐκπυροῦται λεπτῇ καὶ ἀσθενεῖ πυρώσει, καὶ τοῦτʼ ἔστιν ἣν καλοῦμεν ἀστραπήν, ᾗ ἂν ὥσπερ ἐκπῖπτον τὸ πνεῦμα χρωματισθὲν ὀφθῇ.
Thunder, then, is this, and it occurs for this cause; but the wind that is squeezed out for the most part ignites with a fine and weak ignition, and this is what we call lightning, where the wind, as if falling out, is seen to be colored.
γίγνεται δὲ μετὰ τὴν πληγὴν καὶ ὕστερον τῆς βροντῆς· ἀλλὰ φαίνεται πρότερον διὰ τὸ τὴν ὄψιν προτερεῖν τῆς ἀκοῆς.
And it occurs after the impact and later than the thunder; but it appears earlier because sight precedes hearing.
δηλοῖ δʼ ἐπὶ τῆς εἰρεσίας τῶν τριήρων· ἤδη γὰρ ἀναφερόντων πάλιν τὰς κώπας ὁ πρῶτος ἀφικνεῖται ψόφος τῆς κωπηλασίας.
This is clear from the rowing of triremes; for when they are already raising their oars again, the first sound of the rowing reaches us.
καίτοι τινὲς λέγουσιν ὡς ἐν τοῖς νέφεσιν ἐγγίγνεται πῦρ· τοῦτο δʼ Ἐμπεδοκλῆς μέν φησιν εἶναι τὸ ἐμπεριλαμβανόμενον τῶν τοῦ ἡλίου ἀκτίνων, Ἀναξαγόρας δὲ τοῦ ἄνωθεν αἰθέρος, ὃ δὴ ἐκεῖνος καλεῖ πῦρ κατενεχθὲν ἄνωθεν κάτω.
And yet some say that fire is produced in the clouds; and Empedocles says that this is some of the sun's rays caught inside, while Anaxagoras says it is some of the upper ether, which he indeed calls fire, carried down from above.
τὴν μὲν οὖν διάλαμψιν ἀστραπὴν εἶναι τὴν τούτου τοῦ πυρός, τὸν δὲ ψόφον ἐναποσβεννυμένου καὶ τὴν σίξιν βροντήν, ὡς καθάπερ φαίνεται καὶ γιγνόμενον οὕτως καὶ πρότερον τὴν ἀστραπὴν οὖσαν τῆς βροντῆς.
So they hold that the flashing of this fire is the lightning, and the sound of its being extinguished and its hissing is the thunder, so that the lightning really is prior to the thunder, just as it appears to be.
ἄλογος δὲ καὶ ἡ τοῦ πυρὸς ἐμπερίληψις, ἀμφοτέρως μέν, μᾶλλον δʼ ἡ κατάσπασις τοῦ ἄνωθεν αἰθέρος.
But this catching of fire is irrational on both views, but even more so is the drawing down of the upper ether.
τοῦ τε γὰρ κάτω φέρεσθαι τὸ πεφυκὸς ἄνω δεῖ λέγεσθαι τὴν αἰτίαν, καὶ διὰ τὶ ποτε τοῦτο γίγνεται κατὰ τὸν οὐρανὸν ὅταν ἐπινέφελον ᾖ μόνον, ἀλλʼ οὐ συνεχῶς οὕτως· αἰθρίας δὲ οὔσης οὐ γίγνεται.
For the cause of that being carried downwards which naturally tends upwards must be stated, and also why this ever occurs in the sky only when it is cloudy, and not continuously in this way; for it does not occur when the sky is clear.