§2.3#2ὁμοίως δὲ γελοῖον κἂν εἴ τις εἰπὼν ἱδρῶτα τῆς γῆς εἶναι τὴν θάλατταν οἴεταί τι σαφὲς εἰρηκέναι, καθάπερ Ἐμπεδοκλῆς·
Likewise, it is ridiculous if someone, saying that the sea is the sweat of the earth, thinks he has said something clear, as Empedocles does.
πρὸς ποίησιν μὲν γὰρ οὕτως εἰπὼν ἴσως εἴρηκεν ἱκανῶς (ἡ γὰρ μεταφορὰ ποιητικόν), πρὸς δὲ τὸ γνῶναι τὴν φύσιν οὐχ ἱκανῶς·
For with respect to poetry, speaking in this way he has perhaps spoken adequately (for metaphor is poetic), but with respect to knowing nature, not adequately.
οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐνταῦθα δῆλον πῶς ἐκ γλυκέος τοῦ πόματος ἁλμυρὸς γίγνεται ὁ ἱδρώς, πότερον ἀπελθόντος τινὸς μόνον οἷον τοῦ γλυκυτάτου, ἢ συμμειχθέντος τινός, καθάπερ ἐν τοῖς διὰ τῆς τέφρας ἠθουμένοις ὕδασιν.
For not even there is it clear how from sweet drink the sweat becomes salty, whether by some part departing only, such as the sweetest part, or by something having been mixed in, just as in waters filtered through ashes.
φαίνεται δὲ τὸ αἴτιον ταὐτὸ καὶ περὶ τὸ εἰς τὴν κύστιν περίττωμα συλλεγόμενον· καὶ γὰρ ἐκεῖνο πικρὸν καὶ ἁλμυρὸν γίγνεται τοῦ πινομένου καὶ τοῦ ἐν τῇ τροφῇ ὑγροῦ γλυκέος ὄντος.
And the cause seems to be the same also concerning the residue collected in the bladder; for that too becomes bitter and salty, although what is drunk and the liquid in the food is sweet.
εἰ δὴ ὥσπερ τὸ διὰ τῆς κονίας ἠθούμενον ὕδωρ γίγνεται πικρόν, καὶ ταῦτα, τῷ μὲν οὔρῳ συγκαταφερομένης τοιαύτης τινὸς δυνάμεως οἵα καὶ φαίνεται ὑφισταμένη ἐν τοῖς ἀγγείοις ἁλμυρίς, τῷ δ᾿ ἱδρῶτι συνεκκρινομένης ἐκ τῶν σαρκῶν, οἷον καταπλύνοντος τὸ τοιοῦτον ἐκ τοῦ σώματος τοῦ ἐξιόντος ὑγροῦ, δῆλον ὅτι κἀν τῇ θαλάττῃ τὸ ἐκ τῆς γῆς συγκαταμισγόμενον τῷ ὑγρῷ αἴτιον τῆς ἁλμυρότητος.
If, then, just as water filtered through ashes becomes bitter, so also these do—such a power being carried down together with the urine as appears as a salty sediment in vessels, and being secreted together with the sweat from the flesh, as the exiting liquid washes such a substance out of the body— it is clear that in the sea too, that which is mixed together with the liquid from the earth is the cause of the saltiness.
ἐν μὲν οὖν τῷ σώματι γίγνεται τὸ τοιοῦτον ἡ τῆς τροφῆς ὑπόστασις διὰ τὴν ἀπεψίαν· ἐν δὲ τῇ γῇ τίνα τρόπον ὑπῆρχε, λεκτέον.
In the body, then, such a thing becomes the residue of food because of indigestion; but in the earth, we must state in what manner it was present.
ὅλως δὲ πῶς οἷόν τε τοσοῦτον ὕδατος πλῆθος ξηραινομένης καὶ θερμαινομένης ἐκκριθῆναι;
And on the whole, how is it possible for so great a quantity of water to be secreted when the earth is being dried and heated?
πολλοστὸν γὰρ δεῖ μέρος αὐτὸ τοῦ λειφθέντος εἶναι ἐν τῇ γῇ.
For it must be a very small part of what is left in the earth.
ἔτι διὰ τί οὐ καὶ νῦν ὅταν ξηραινομένη τύχῃ γῆ, εἴτε πλείων εἴτε ἐλάττων, ἰδίει; (ἡ γὰρ ὑγρότης καὶ ὁ ἱδρὼς γίγνεται πικρός. ) εἴπερ γὰρ καὶ τότε, καὶ νῦν ἐχρῆν.
Moreover, why does the earth not sweat even now when it happens to be dried, whether more or less? (For the moisture, i.e., the sweat, becomes bitter.) For if it did so then, it ought to do so now too.
οὐ φαίνεται δὲ τοῦτο συμβαῖνον, ἀλλὰ ξηρὰ μὲν οὖσα ὑγραίνεται, ὑγρὰ δ᾿ οὖσα οὐδὲν πάσχει τοιοῦτον.
But this does not appear to happen; rather, when dry, it becomes moist, and when moist, it suffers no such thing.
πῶς οὖν οἷόν τε περὶ τὴν πρώτην γένεσιν, ὑγρᾶς οὔσης τῆς γῆς, ἰδίειν ξηραινομένην;
How then was it possible at the first generation, when the earth was moist, for it to sweat when being dried?
ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον εἰκός, ὥσπερ φασί τινες, ἀπελθόντος τοῦ πλείστου καὶ μετεωρισθέντος τοῦ ὑγροῦ διὰ τὸν ἥλιον, τὸ λειφθὲν εἶναι θάλατταν· ὑγρὰν δ᾿ οὖσαν ἰδίειν ἀδύνατον.
But rather, it is reasonable, as some say, that most of the liquid having departed and been raised on high by the sun, the remainder is the sea; for it is impossible for it to sweat when moist.
τὰ μὲν οὖν λεγόμενα τῆς ἁλμυρότητος αἴτια διαφεύγειν φαίνεται τὸν λόγον·
So the alleged causes of the saltiness seem to escape rational explanation.
ἡμεῖς δὲ λέγωμεν ἀρχὴν λαβόντες τὴν αὐτὴν ἣν καὶ πρότερον· ἐπειδὴ γὰρ κεῖται διπλῆν εἶναι τὴν ἀναθυμίασιν, τὴν μὲν ὑγρὰν τὴν δὲ ξηράν, δῆλον ὅτι ταύτην οἰητέον ἀρχὴν εἶναι τῶν τοιούτων.
But let us speak by taking the same starting-point as before: for since it is assumed that the exhalation is double, one moist and the other dry, it is clear that we must consider this to be the principle of such things.
καὶ δὴ καὶ περὶ οὗ ἀπορῆσαι πρότερον ἀναγκαῖον, πότερον καὶ ἡ θάλαττα ἀεὶ διαμένει τῶν αὐτῶν οὖσα μορίων ἀριθμῷ ἢ τῷ εἴδει καὶ τῷ ποσῷ μεταβαλλόντων ἀεὶ τῶν μερῶν, καθάπερ ἀὴρ καὶ τὸ πότιμον ὕδωρ καὶ πῦρ (ἀεὶ γὰρ ἄλλο καὶ ἄλλο γίγνεται τούτων ἕκαστον, τὸ δ᾿ εἶδος τοῦ πλήθους ἑκάστου τούτων μένει, καθάπερ τὸ τῶν ῥεόντων ὑδάτων καὶ τὸ τῆς φλογὸς ῥεῦμα)·
And indeed concerning what we must first raise as a difficulty: whether the sea too always remains consisting of the same parts in number, or whether its parts are always changing in species and in quantity, just as air and sweet water and fire do (for each of these is always becoming different, but the species of the quantity of each of these remains, just like the flow of running waters and the stream of flame).
φανερὸν δὴ καὶ τοῦτο καὶ πιθανόν, ὡς ἀδύνατον μὴ τὸν αὐτὸν εἶναι περὶ πάντων τούτων λόγον, καὶ διαφέρειν ταχυτῆτι καὶ βραδυτῆτι τῆς μεταβολῆς, ἐπὶ πάντων τε φθορὰν εἶναι καὶ γένεσιν, ταύτην μέντοι τεταγμένως συμβαίνειν πᾶσιν αὐτοῖς.
This too is clear and plausible, that it is impossible that the same account does not hold for all of these, and that they differ in the speed and slowness of their change, and that there is destruction and generation for all of them, yet this happens to all of them in an orderly way.
τούτων δ᾿ οὕτως ἐχόντων, πειρατέον ἀποδοῦναι τὴν αἰτίαν καὶ περὶ τῆς ἁλμυρότητος.
And since these things are so, we must try to render the cause also concerning the saltiness.
φανερὸν δὴ διὰ πολλῶν σημείων ὅτι γίγνεται τοιοῦτος ὁ χυμὸς διὰ σύμμειξίν τινος.
It is clear from many signs that such a taste comes to be because of the mixture of something.
ἔν τε γὰρ τοῖς σώμασι τὸ ἀπεπτότατον ἁλμυρὸν καὶ πικρόν, ὥσπερ καὶ πρότερον εἴπομεν· ἀπεπτότατον γὰρ τὸ περίττωμα τῆς ὑγρᾶς τροφῆς· τοιαύτη δὲ πᾶσα μὲν ἡ ὑπόστασις, μάλιστα δὲ ἡ εἰς τὴν κύστιν (σημεῖον δ᾿ ὅτι λεπτοτάτη ἐστίν· τὰ δὲ πεττόμενα πάντα συνίστασθαι πέφυκεν)· ἔπειτα ἱδρώς· ἐν οἷς τὸ αὐτὸ σῶμα συνεκκρίνεται, ὃ ποιεῖ τὸν χυμὸν τοῦτον.
For both in bodies the most indigestible part is salty and bitter, as we also said before; for the residue of liquid food is the most indigestible; and all such sediment is of this kind, but especially that which goes to the bladder (a sign of which is that it is the thinnest; for all things being digested are naturally constituted to solidify); then sweat; in which the same body is secreted together, which makes this taste.
ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ ἐν τοῖς καομένοις· οὗ γὰρ ἂν μὴ κρατήσῃ τὸ θερμόν, ἐν μὲν τοῖς σώμασι γίγνεται περίττωσις, ἐν δὲ τοῖς καομένοις τέφρα.
And likewise also in things that are burned; for that which the heat could not master becomes residue in bodies, and ash in things that are burned.