§9.10ἐπεὶ δὲ τὸ ὂν λέγεται καὶ τὸ μὴ ὂν τὸ μὲν κατὰ τὰ σχήματα τῶν κατηγοριῶν, τὸ δὲ κατὰ δύναμιν ἢ ἐνέργειαν τούτων ἢ τἀναντία, τὸ δὲ ἀληθὲς ἢ ψεῦδος, τοῦτο δʼ ἐπὶ τῶν πραγμάτων ἐστὶ τῷ συγκεῖσθαι ἢ διῃρῆσθαι, ὥστε ἀληθεύει μὲν ὁ τὸ διῃρημένον οἰόμενος διῃρῆσθαι καὶ τὸ συγκείμενον συγκεῖσθαι, ἔψευσται δὲ ὁ ἐναντίως ἔχων ἢ τὰ πράγματα, πότʼ ἔστιν ἢ οὐκ ἔστι τὸ ἀληθὲς λεγόμενον ἢ ψεῦδος;
Since "being" and "not-being" are said, in one sense according to the figures of the categories, and in another according to the potentiality or actuality of these or their contraries, and in another as truth or falsity, and this, in the case of things, depends on their being combined or divided, so that he who thinks that what is divided is divided and that what is combined is combined speaks the truth, while he who is in a state contrary to that of the things is in error, when is that which is called truth or falsity present or not present?
τοῦτο γὰρ σκεπτέον τί λέγομεν.
For we must consider what we mean by this.
οὐ γὰρ διὰ τὸ ἡμᾶς οἴεσθαι ἀληθῶς σε λευκὸν εἶναι εἶ σὺ λευκός, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὸ σὲ εἶναι λευκὸν ἡμεῖς οἱ φάντες τοῦτο ἀληθεύομεν.
For it is not because we think truly that you are white that you are white, but it is because you are white that we who say this speak the truth.
εἰ δὴ τὰ μὲν ἀεὶ σύγκειται καὶ ἀδύνατα διαιρεθῆναι, τὰ δʼ ἀεὶ διῄρηται καὶ ἀδύνατα συντεθῆναι, τὰ δʼ ἐνδέχεται τἀναντία, τὸ μὲν εἶναί ἐστι τὸ συγκεῖσθαι καὶ ἓν εἶναι, τὸ δὲ μὴ εἶναι τὸ μὴ συγκεῖσθαι ἀλλὰ πλείω εἶναι·
If, then, some things are always combined and cannot be divided, and others are always divided and cannot be combined, while others admit of contraries, being is being combined and being one, and not-being is not being combined but being more than one.
περὶ μὲν οὖν τὰ ἐνδεχόμενα ἡ αὐτὴ γίγνεται ψευδὴς καὶ ἀληθὴς δόξα καὶ ὁ λόγος ὁ αὐτός, καὶ ἐνδέχεται ὁτὲ μὲν ἀληθεύειν ὁτὲ δὲ ψεύδεσθαι·
Regarding contingent things, then, the same belief and the same statement become false and true, and it is possible at one time to speak truly and at another to be in error.
περὶ δὲ τὰ ἀδύνατα ἄλλως ἔχειν οὐ γίγνεται ὁτὲ μὲν ἀληθὲς ὁτὲ δὲ ψεῦδος, ἀλλʼ ἀεὶ ταὐτὰ ἀληθῆ καὶ ψευδῆ. —περὶ δὲ δὴ τὰ ἀσύνθετα τί τὸ εἶναι ἢ μὴ εἶναι καὶ τὸ ἀληθὲς καὶ τὸ ψεῦδος;
But regarding things which cannot be otherwise, they do not become at one time true and at another false, but the same things are always true and false.—But with regard to uncombined things, what is being or not-being, and truth and falsity?
οὐ γάρ ἐστι σύνθετον, ὥστε εἶναι μὲν ὅταν συγκέηται, μὴ εἶναι δὲ ἐὰν διῃρημένον ᾖ, ὥσπερ τὸ λευκὸν τὸ ξύλον ἢ τὸ ἀσύμμετρον τὴν διάμετρον·
For such a thing is not combined, so as to be when it is combined, and not to be if it is divided, like "the white wood" or "the incommensurable diagonal".
οὐδὲ τὸ ἀληθὲς καὶ τὸ ψεῦδος ὁμοίως ἔτι ὑπάρξει καὶ ἐπʼ ἐκείνων.
Nor will truth and falsity exist in the same way in their case.
ἢ ὥσπερ οὐδὲ τὸ ἀληθὲς ἐπὶ τούτων τὸ αὐτό, οὕτως οὐδὲ τὸ εἶναι, ἀλλʼ ἔστι τὸ μὲν ἀληθὲς ἢ ψεῦδος, τὸ μὲν θιγεῖν καὶ φάναι ἀληθές (οὐ γὰρ ταὐτὸ κατάφασις καὶ φάσις), τὸ δʼ ἀγνοεῖν μὴ θιγγάνειν (ἀπατηθῆναι γὰρ περὶ τὸ τί ἐστιν οὐκ ἔστιν ἀλλʼ ἢ κατὰ συμβεβηκός· ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ περὶ τὰς μὴ συνθετὰς οὐσίας, οὐ γὰρ ἔστιν ἀπατηθῆναι· καὶ πᾶσαι εἰσὶν ἐνεργείᾳ, οὐ δυνάμει, ἐγίγνοντο γὰρ ἂν καὶ ἐφθείροντο, νῦν δὲ τὸ ὂν αὐτὸ οὐ γίγνεται οὐδὲ φθείρεται, ἔκ τινος γὰρ ἂν ἐγίγνετο· —ὅσα δή ἐστιν ὅπερ εἶναί τι καὶ ἐνέργειαι, περὶ ταῦτα οὐκ ἔστιν ἀπατηθῆναι ἀλλʼ ἢ νοεῖν ἢ μή· ἀλλὰ τὸ τί ἐστι ζητεῖται περὶ αὐτῶν, εἰ τοιαῦτά ἐστιν ἢ μή)· τὸ δὲ εἶναι ὡς τὸ ἀληθές, καὶ τὸ μὴ εἶναι τὸ ὡς τὸ ψεῦδος, ἓν μέν ἐστιν, εἰ σύγκειται, ἀληθές, τὸ δʼ εἰ μὴ σύγκειται, ψεῦδος· τὸ δὲ ἕν, εἴπερ ὄν, οὕτως ἐστίν, εἰ δὲ μὴ οὕτως, οὐκ ἔστιν· τὸ δὲ ἀληθὲς τὸ νοεῖν ταῦτα· τὸ δὲ ψεῦδος οὐκ ἔστιν, οὐδὲ ἀπάτη, ἀλλὰ ἄγνοια, οὐχ οἵα ἡ τυφλότης· ἡ μὲν γὰρ τυφλότης ἐστὶν ὡς ἂν εἰ τὸ νοητικὸν ὅλως μὴ ἔχοι τις.
Or, just as truth is not the same in these cases, so neither is being, but truth or falsity is this: to touch and to assert is truth (for affirmation and assertion are not the same), and ignorance is not to touch (for it is not possible to be deceived about what a thing is, except accidentally; and similarly with regard to uncombined substances, for it is not possible to be deceived about them; and they all exist in actuality, not in potentiality, for otherwise they would be generated and destroyed, but as it is, being itself is not generated nor destroyed, for it would have to be generated from something;—concerning whatever things, then, are just what a certain thing is and are actualities, about these it is not possible to be deceived, but one must either think them or not; but the "what it is" is inquired about them, whether they are of such a nature or not); and being as truth, and not-being as falsity, in one case is truth if there is combination, and falsity if there is no combination; but in the case of the one, if indeed it is being, it is in this way, and if it is not in this way, it is not; and truth is to think these things, while falsity does not exist, nor does deception, but only ignorance, though not like blindness; for blindness is as if one did not possess the thinking faculty at all.
φανερὸν δὲ καὶ ὅτι περὶ τῶν ἀκινήτων οὐκ ἔστιν ἀπάτη κατὰ τὸ ποτέ, εἴ τις ὑπολαμβάνει ἀκίνητα.
It is also obvious that concerning immovable things there is no deception in respect of time, if one supposes them to be immovable.
οἷον τὸ τρίγωνον εἰ μὴ μεταβάλλειν οἴεται, οὐκ οἰήσεται ποτὲ μὲν δύο ὀρθὰς ἔχειν ποτὲ δὲ οὔ (μεταβάλλοι γὰρ ἄν), ἀλλὰ τὶ μὲν τὶ δʼ οὔ, οἷον ἄρτιον ἀριθμὸν πρῶτον εἶναι μηθένα, ἢ τινὰς μὲν τινὰς δʼ οὔ· ἀριθμῷ δὲ περὶ ἕνα οὐδὲ τοῦτο· οὐ γὰρ ἔτι τινὰ μὲν τινὰ δὲ οὒ οἰήσεται, ἀλλʼ ἀληθεύσει ἢ ψεύσεται ὡς ἀεὶ οὕτως ἔχοντος.
For example, if one thinks that the triangle does not change, one will not think that at one time it has two right angles and at another time not (for then it would change), but that some are so and some are not, as for instance that no prime number is even, or that some are and some are not; but regarding a single one in number, not even this is possible; for one will no longer think that some are so and some are not, but will either speak truly or falsely as it always is so.