§10.1#1τὸ ἓν ὅτι μὲν λέγεται πολλαχῶς, ἐν τοῖς περὶ τοῦ ποσαχῶς διῃρημένοις εἴρηται πρότερον·
That "one" is said in many ways has been stated before in our discussion on the various senses of words.
πλεοναχῶς δὲ λεγομένου οἱ συγκεφαλαιούμενοι τρόποι εἰσὶ τέτταρες τῶν πρώτων καὶ καθʼ αὑτὰ λεγομένων ἓν ἀλλὰ μὴ κατὰ συμβεβηκός.
But although it is said in many ways, the ways in which things are called one in a primary sense and of themselves, and not accidentally, can be summarized under four heads.
τό τε γὰρ συνεχὲς ἢ ἁπλῶς ἢ μάλιστά γε τὸ φύσει καὶ μὴ ἁφῇ μηδὲ δεσμῷ (καὶ τούτων μᾶλλον ἓν καὶ πρότερον οὗ ἀδιαιρετωτέρα ἡ κίνησις καὶ μᾶλλον ἁπλῆ)· ἔτι τοιοῦτον καὶ μᾶλλον τὸ ὅλον καὶ ἔχον τινὰ μορφὴν καὶ εἶδος, μάλιστα δʼ εἴ τι φύσει τοιοῦτον καὶ μὴ βίᾳ, ὥσπερ ὅσα κόλλῃ ἢ γόμφῳ ἢ συνδέσμῳ, ἀλλὰ ἔχει ἐν αὑτῷ τὸ αἴτιον αὐτῷ τοῦ συνεχὲς εἶναι.
For there is the continuous, either simply or especially that which is so by nature and not by touch or by a bond (and of these, that is more one and prior whose motion is more indivisible and simpler); further, such and even more so is the whole, and that which has a certain form and shape, especially if it is such by nature and not by force (like things held together by glue or a nail or a bond), but has in itself the cause of its being continuous.
τοιοῦτον δὲ τῷ μίαν τὴν κίνησιν εἶναι καὶ ἀδιαίρετον τόπῳ καὶ χρόνῳ, ὥστε φανερόν, εἴ τι φύσει κινήσεως ἀρχὴν ἔχει τῆς πρώτης τὴν πρώτην, οἷον λέγω φορᾶς κυκλοφορίαν, ὅτι τοῦτο πρῶτον μέγεθος ἕν.
And it is such by its motion being one and indivisible in place and time; so that it is obvious that if anything has by nature a beginning of the first motion which is first (I mean, for instance, rotary motion in the case of locomotion), this is the first one magnitude.
τὰ μὲν δὴ οὕτως ἓν ᾗ συνεχὲς ἢ ὅλον, τὰ δὲ ὧν ἂν ὁ λόγος εἷς ᾖ, τοιαῦτα δὲ ὧν ἡ νόησις μία, τοιαῦτα δὲ ὧν ἀδιαίρετος, ἀδιαίρετος δὲ τοῦ ἀδιαιρέτου εἴδει ἢ ἀριθμῷ·
Some things, then, are called one in this way as being continuous or a whole, while others are those whose definition is one, and such are those whose thinking is one, and these are those whose thinking is indivisible; and it is indivisible when it is indivisible in form or in number.
ἀριθμῷ μὲν οὖν τὸ καθʼ ἕκαστον ἀδιαίρετον, εἴδει δὲ τὸ τῷ γνωστῷ καὶ τῇ ἐπιστήμῃ, ὥσθʼ ἓν ἂν εἴη πρῶτον τὸ ταῖς οὐσίαις αἴτιον τοῦ ἑνός.
In number, then, the individual is indivisible; in form, that which is indivisible in respect of the knowable and of science; so that first one would be that which is the cause of being one to substances.
λέγεται μὲν οὖν τὸ ἓν τοσαυταχῶς, τό τε συνεχὲς φύσει καὶ τὸ ὅλον, καὶ τὸ καθʼ ἕκαστον καὶ τὸ καθόλου, πάντα δὲ ταῦτα ἓν τῷ ἀδιαίρετον εἶναι τῶν μὲν τὴν κίνησιν τῶν δὲ τὴν νόησιν ἢ τὸν λόγον.
The "one", then, is said in so many ways: the naturally continuous, the whole, the individual, and the universal; and all these are one because they are indivisible, some in their motion and others in their thinking or definition.
—δεῖ δὲ κατανοεῖν ὅτι οὐχ ὡσαύτως ληπτέον λέγεσθαι ποῖά τε ἓν λέγεται, καὶ τί ἐστι τὸ ἑνὶ εἶναι καὶ τίς αὐτοῦ λόγος.
—But we must realize that we must not take as identical the question of what kinds of things are called one, and what it is to be one (what is its essence) and what is its definition.
λέγεται μὲν γὰρ τὸ ἓν τοσαυταχῶς, καὶ ἕκαστον ἔσται ἓν τούτων, ᾧ ἂν ὑπάρχῃ τις τούτων τῶν τρόπων· τὸ δὲ ἑνὶ εἶναι ὁτὲ μὲν τούτων τινὶ ἔσται, ὁτὲ δὲ ἄλλῳ ὃ καὶ μᾶλλον ἐγγὺς τῷ ὀνόματί ἐστι, τῇ δυνάμει δʼ ἐκεῖνα, ὥσπερ καὶ περὶ στοιχείου καὶ αἰτίου εἰ δέοι λέγειν ἐπί τε τοῖς πράγμασι διορίζοντα καὶ τοῦ ὀνόματος ὅρον ἀποδιδόντα.
For "one" is said in so many ways, and each of these things will be one to which any of these modes belongs; but "to be one" will belong sometimes to one of these and sometimes to something else which is even closer to the word, while those former modes are so in potential (or in power), just as if we had to speak of "element" and "cause", distinguishing them with reference to the facts and giving a definition of the word.
ἔστι μὲν γὰρ ὡς στοιχεῖον τὸ πῦρ (ἔστι δʼ ἴσως καθʼ αὑτὸ καὶ τὸ ἄπειρον ἤ τι ἄλλο τοιοῦτον), ἔστι δʼ ὡς οὔ· οὐ γὰρ τὸ αὐτὸ πυρὶ καὶ στοιχείῳ εἶναι, ἀλλʼ ὡς μὲν πρᾶγμά τι καὶ φύσις τὸ πῦρ στοιχεῖον, τὸ δὲ ὄνομα σημαίνει τὸ τοδὶ συμβεβηκέναι αὐτῷ, ὅτι ἐστί τι ἐκ τούτου ὡς πρώτου ἐνυπάρχοντος.
For in one sense fire is an element (and perhaps also the unlimited or some other such thing is so of itself), but in another sense it is not; for "to be fire" and "to be an element" are not the same, but as a particular thing and nature fire is an element, while the name "element" signifies that this attribute belongs to it, namely, that something is made out of it as a first constituent.
οὕτω καὶ ἐπὶ αἰτίου καὶ ἑνὸς καὶ τῶν τοιούτων ἁπάντων, διὸ καὶ τὸ ἑνὶ εἶναι τὸ ἀδιαιρέτῳ ἐστὶν εἶναι, ὅπερ τόδε ὄντι καὶ ἰδίᾳ χωριστῷ ἢ τόπῳ ἢ εἴδει ἢ διανοίᾳ, ἢ καὶ τὸ ὅλῳ καὶ ἀδιαιρέτῳ, μάλιστα δὲ τὸ μέτρῳ εἶναι πρώτῳ ἑκάστου γένους καὶ κυριώτατα τοῦ ποσοῦ· ἐντεῦθεν γὰρ ἐπὶ τὰ ἄλλα ἐλήλυθεν.
So too in the case of "cause" and "one" and all such terms; wherefore also "to be one" is to be indivisible, being a particular thing and individually separate either in place or in form or in thought, or also to be a whole and indivisible, and especially to be the first measure of each class, and most properly of quantity; for from this it has come to the other classes.
μέτρον γάρ ἐστιν ᾧ τὸ ποσὸν γιγνώσκεται· γιγνώσκεται δὲ ἢ ἑνὶ ἢ ἀριθμῷ τὸ ποσὸν ᾗ ποσόν, ὁ δὲ ἀριθμὸς ἅπας ἑνί, ὥστε πᾶν τὸ ποσὸν γιγνώσκεται ᾗ ποσὸν τῷ ἑνί, καὶ ᾧ πρώτῳ ποσὰ γιγνώσκεται, τοῦτο αὐτὸ ἕν· διὸ τὸ ἓν ἀριθμοῦ ἀρχὴ ᾗ ἀριθμός.
For a measure is that by which quantity is known; and quantity as quantity is known either by a one or by a number, and all number is known by a one, so that all quantity as quantity is known by the one, and that by which quantities are first known is the one itself; wherefore the one is the starting-point of number as number.
ἐντεῦθεν δὲ καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἄλλοις λέγεται μέτρον τε ᾧ ἕκαστον πρώτῳ γιγνώσκεται, καὶ τὸ μέτρον ἑκάστου ἕν, ἐν μήκει, ἐν πλάτει, ἐν βάθει, ἐν βάρει, ἐν τάχει (τὸ γὰρ βάρος καὶ τάχος κοινὸν ἐν τοῖς ἐναντίοις· διττὸν γὰρ ἑκάτερον αὐτῶν, οἷον βάρος τό τε ὁποσηνοῦν ἔχον ῥοπὴν καὶ τὸ ἔχον ὑπεροχὴν ῥοπῆς, καὶ τάχος τό τε ὁποσηνοῦν κίνησιν ἔχον καὶ τὸ ὑπεροχὴν κινήσεως· ἔστι γάρ τι τάχος καὶ τοῦ βραδέος καὶ βάρος τοῦ κουφοτέρου).
And hence in other cases too "measure" is that by which each thing is first known, and the measure of each is a one—in length, in breadth, in depth, in weight, in speed (for weight and speed are common to contraries, since each of them is double; for example, weight is both that which has any amount of momentum and that which has an excess of momentum, and speed is both that which has any amount of motion and that which has an excess of motion; for there is some speed even of the slow, and some weight of the lighter).