§7.7#1τῶν δὲ γιγνομένων τὰ μὲν φύσει γίγνεται τὰ δὲ τέχνῃ τὰ δὲ ἀπὸ ταὐτομάτου, πάντα δὲ τὰ γιγνόμενα ὑπό τέ τινος γίγνεται καὶ ἔκ τινος καὶ τί·
Of things that come to be, some come to be by nature, some by art, and some spontaneously. And everything that comes to be comes to be by something, from something, and is something.
τὸ δὲ τὶ λέγω καθʼ ἑκάστην κατηγορίαν· ἢ γὰρ τόδε ἢ ποσὸν ἢ ποιὸν ἢ πού.
By "something" I mean in accordance with each category; for it is either a "this", or a quantity, or a quality, or a place.
αἱ δὲ γενέσεις αἱ μὲν φυσικαὶ αὗταί εἰσιν ὧν ἡ γένεσις ἐκ φύσεώς ἐστιν, τὸ δʼ ἐξ οὗ γίγνεται, ἣν λέγομεν ὕλην, τὸ δὲ ὑφʼ οὗ τῶν φύσει τι ὄντων, τὸ δὲ τὶ ἄνθρωπος ἢ φυτὸν ἢ ἄλλο τι τῶν τοιούτων, ἃ δὴ μάλιστα λέγομεν οὐσίας εἶναι —ἅπαντα δὲ τὰ γιγνόμενα ἢ φύσει ἢ τέχνῃ ἔχει ὕλην· δυνατὸν γὰρ καὶ εἶναι καὶ μὴ εἶναι ἕκαστον αὐτῶν, τοῦτο δʼ ἐστὶν ἡ ἐν ἑκάστῳ ὕλη—καθόλου δὲ καὶ ἐξ οὗ φύσις καὶ καθʼ ὃ φύσις (τὸ γὰρ γιγνόμενον ἔχει φύσιν, οἷον φυτὸν ἢ ζῷον) καὶ ὑφʼ οὗ ἡ κατὰ τὸ εἶδος λεγομένη φύσις ἡ ὁμοειδής (ἁὕτη δὲ ἐν ἄλλῳ)· ἄνθρωπος γὰρ ἄνθρωπον γεννᾷ· —οὕτω μὲν οὖν γίγνεται τὰ γιγνόμενα διὰ τὴν φύσιν, αἱ δʼ ἄλλαι γενέσεις λέγονται ποιήσεις.
And natural comings-to-be are those of which the coming-to-be is from nature; and that from which it comes to be is what we call matter; and that by which it is produced is one of the things that exist by nature; and the "something" is a man or a plant or something else of this sort, which indeed we most of all say are substances. —and all things that come to be, whether by nature or by art, have matter; for each of them is capable both of being and of not being, and this is the matter in each— and in general, both that from which they come is nature, and that in accordance with which they come is nature (for the thing coming to be has a nature, such as a plant or an animal), and that by which they are produced is the nature said in accordance with the form, which is of the same kind (and this is in another); for man begets man.— In this way, then, do things that come to be do so through nature, and the other comings-to-be are called productions.
πᾶσαι δὲ εἰσὶν αἱ ποιήσεις ἢ ἀπὸ τέχνης ἢ ἀπὸ δυνάμεως ἢ ἀπὸ διανοίας.
And all productions are either from art or from a capacity or from thought.
τούτων δέ τινες γίγνονται καὶ ἀπὸ ταὐτομάτου καὶ ἀπὸ τύχης παραπλησίως ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς ἀπὸ φύσεως γιγνομένοις· ἔνια γὰρ κἀκεῖ ταὐτὰ καὶ ἐκ σπέρματος γίγνεται καὶ ἄνευ σπέρματος.
And some of these come to be also spontaneously and by chance, in a similar way as among things that come to be from nature; for there too some of the same things come to be both from seed and without seed.
περὶ μὲν οὖν τούτων ὕστερον ἐπισκεπτέον, ἀπὸ τέχνης δὲ γίγνεται ὅσων τὸ εἶδος ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ (εἶδος δὲ λέγω τὸ τί ἦν εἶναι ἑκάστου καὶ τὴν πρώτην οὐσίαν)· καὶ γὰρ τῶν ἐναντίων τρόπον τινὰ τὸ αὐτὸ εἶδος· τῆς γὰρ στερήσεως οὐσία ἡ οὐσία ἡ ἀντικειμένη, οἷον ὑγίεια νόσου, ἐκείνης γὰρ ἀπουσία ἡ νόσος, ἡ δὲ ὑγίεια ὁ ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ λόγος καὶ ἡ ἐπιστήμη.
About these, then, we must investigate later. And from art come to be those things of which the form is in the soul (and by form I mean the essence of each thing and its primary substance); for in a way the same form is of opposites too; for the substance of the privation is the opposite substance, as health is of disease; for disease is the absence of health, and health is the formula in the soul and the knowledge.
γίγνεται δὲ τὸ ὑγιὲς νοήσαντος οὕτως· ἐπειδὴ τοδὶ ὑγίεια, ἀνάγκη εἰ ὑγιὲς ἔσται τοδὶ ὑπάρξαι, οἷον ὁμαλότητα, εἰ δὲ τοῦτο, θερμότητα· καὶ οὕτως ἀεὶ νοεῖ, ἕως ἂν ἀγάγῃ εἰς τοῦτο ὃ αὐτὸς δύναται ἔσχατον ποιεῖν.
And the healthy state comes to be when one has thought in this way: "Since this is health, if the subject is to be healthy, this must belong to it, e.g., uniformity, and if this, then heat"; and in this way he always thinks, until he brings it to this last thing which he himself is able to produce.
εἶτα ἤδη ἡ ἀπὸ τούτου κίνησις ποίησις καλεῖται, ἡ ἐπὶ τὸ ὑγιαίνειν.
Then the movement from this point onward is called production, which is towards being healthy.
ὥστε συμβαίνει τρόπον τινὰ τὴν ὑγίειαν ἐξ ὑγιείας γίγνεσθαι καὶ τὴν οἰκίαν ἐξ οἰκίας, τῆς ἄνευ ὕλης τὴν ἔχουσαν ὕλην· ἡ γὰρ ἰατρική ἐστι καὶ ἡ οἰκοδομικὴ τὸ εἶδος τῆς ὑγιείας καὶ τῆς οἰκίας, λέγω δὲ οὐσίαν ἄνευ ὕλης τὸ τί ἦν εἶναι.
So it happens in a way that health comes to be from health and house from house, the one having matter from the one without matter; for the medical art and the building art are the form of health and of the house, and by substance without matter I mean the essence.