§5.24τὸ ἔκ τινος εἶναι λέγεται ἕνα μὲν τρόπον ἐξ οὗ ἐστὶν ὡς ὕλης, καὶ τοῦτο διχῶς, ἢ κατὰ τὸ πρῶτον γένος ἢ κατὰ τὸ ὕστατον εἶδος, οἷον ἔστι μὲν ὡς ἅπαντα τὰ τηκτὰ ἐξ ὕδατος, ἔστι δʼ ὡς ἐκ χαλκοῦ ὁ ἀνδριάς· ἕνα δʼ ὡς ἐκ τῆς πρώτης κινησάσης ἀρχῆς (οἷον ἐκ τίνος ἡ μάχη;
"To be from something" is said, in one way, of that from which a thing is as matter, and this in two ways, either in respect of the first genus or the last species; for example, in one way all fusible things are from water, and in another the statue is from bronze; in another way, as from the first moving principle (for example, 'from what did the fight come?
ἐκ λοιδορίας, ὅτι αὕτη ἀρχὴ τῆς μάχης)· ἕνα δʼ ἐκ τοῦ συνθέτου ἐκ τῆς ὕλης καὶ τῆς μορφῆς, ὥσπερ ἐκ τοῦ ὅλου τὰ μέρη καὶ ἐκ τῆς Ἰλιάδος τὸ ἔπος καὶ ἐκ τῆς οἰκίας οἱ λίθοι· τέλος μὲν γάρ ἐστιν ἡ μορφή, τέλειον δὲ τὸ ἔχον τέλος. τὰ δὲ ὡς ἐκ τοῦ μέρους τὸ εἶδος, οἷον ἅνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ δίποδος καὶ ἡ συλλαβὴ ἐκ τοῦ στοιχείου· ἄλλως γὰρ τοῦτο καὶ ὁ ἀνδριὰς ἐκ χαλκοῦ· ἐκ τῆς αἰσθητῆς γὰρ ὕλης ἡ συνθετὴ οὐσία, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ εἶδος ἐκ τῆς τοῦ εἴδους ὕλης.
From abuse, because this was the beginning of the fight'); in another way, as from the composite of matter and shape, as the parts are from the whole, and the verse from the Iliad, and the stones from the house; for the shape is an end, and that which is complete is that which has an end; and some as the form is from the part, for example, man from "two-footed" and the syllable from the letter; for this is in a different way from the statue being from bronze; for the composite substance is from sensible matter, but the form also is from the matter of the form.
τὰ μὲν οὖν οὕτω λέγεται, τὰ δʼ ἐὰν κατὰ μέρος τι τούτων τις ὑπάρχῃ τῶν τρόπων, οἷον ἐκ πατρὸς καὶ μητρὸς τὸ τέκνον καὶ ἐκ γῆς τὰ φυτά, ὅτι ἔκ τινος μέρους αὐτῶν.
Some things, then, are so called, but others if a thing belongs to them in respect of some part of these ways, as the child is from father and mother, and plants from the earth, because they are from some part of them.
ἕνα δὲ μεθʼ ὃ τῷ χρόνῳ, οἷον ἐξ ἡμέρας νὺξ καὶ ἐξ εὐδίας χειμών, ὅτι τοῦτο μετὰ τοῦτο· τούτων δὲ τὰ μὲν τῷ ἔχειν μεταβολὴν εἰς ἄλληλα οὕτω λέγεται, ὥσπερ καὶ τὰ νῦν εἰρημένα, τὰ δὲ τῷ κατὰ τὸν χρόνον ἐφεξῆς μόνον, οἷον ἐξ ἰσημερίας ἐγένετο ὁ πλοῦς ὅτι μετʼ ἰσημερίαν ἐγένετο, καὶ ἐκ Διονυσίων Θαργήλια ὅτι μετὰ τὰ Διονύσια.
In another way, after which in time, as night from day and storm from fine weather, because this is after that; and of these some are so called because they change into one another, as the things just mentioned, and others only because they are successive in time, as the voyage took place from the equinox because it took place after the equinox, and the Thargelia from the Dionysia because it is after the Dionysia.
§5.25μέρος λέγεται ἕνα μὲν τρόπον εἰς ὃ διαιρεθείη ἂν τὸ ποσὸν ὁπωσοῦν (ἀεὶ γὰρ τὸ ἀφαιρούμενον τοῦ ποσοῦ ᾗ ποσὸν μέρος λέγεται ἐκείνου, οἷον τῶν τριῶν τὰ δύο μέρος λέγεταί πως), ἄλλον δὲ τρόπον τὰ καταμετροῦντα τῶν τοιούτων μόνον· διὸ τὰ δύο τῶν τριῶν ἔστι μὲν ὡς λέγεται μέρος, ἔστι δʼ ὡς οὔ.
"Part" is said, in one way, of that into which a quantity can be divided in any way whatever (for that which is subtracted from a quantity, qua quantity, is always called a part of it, as two is said in a way to be a part of three); in another way, only of those things which measure such a quantity; wherefore two is in a way said to be a part of three, and in a way is not.
ἔτι εἰς ἃ τὸ εἶδος διαιρεθείη ἂν ἄνευ τοῦ ποσοῦ, καὶ ταῦτα μόρια λέγεται τούτου· διὸ τὰ εἴδη τοῦ γένους φασὶν εἶναι μόρια.
Further, those things into which the form can be divided without quantity, these also are called parts of it; wherefore they say the species are parts of the genus.
ἔτι εἰς ἃ διαιρεῖται ἢ ἐξ ὧν σύγκειται τὸ ὅλον, ἢ τὸ εἶδος ἢ τὸ ἔχον τὸ εἶδος, οἷον τῆς σφαίρας τῆς χαλκῆς ἢ τοῦ κύβου τοῦ χαλκοῦ καὶ ὁ χαλκὸς μέρος (τοῦτο δʼ ἐστὶν ἡ ὕλη ἐν ᾗ τὸ εἶδος) καὶ ἡ γωνία μέρος.
Further, those things into which the whole is divided, or of which it is composed, either the form or that which has the form; for example, of the bronze sphere or the bronze cube, both the bronze is a part (this is the matter in which the form is) and the angle is a part.
ἔτι τὰ ἐν τῷ λόγῳ τῷ δηλοῦντι ἕκαστον, καὶ ταῦτα μόρια τοῦ ὅλου· διὸ τὸ γένος τοῦ εἴδους καὶ μέρος λέγεται, ἄλλως δὲ τὸ εἶδος τοῦ γένους μέρος.
Further, the elements in the formula which explains each thing, these also are parts of the whole; wherefore the genus is also called a part of the species, though in another way the species is a part of the genus.
§5.26ὅλον λέγεται οὗ τε μηθὲν ἄπεστι μέρος ἐξ ὧν λέγεται ὅλον φύσει, καὶ τὸ περιέχον τὰ περιεχόμενα ὥστε ἕν τι εἶναι ἐκεῖνα· τοῦτο δὲ διχῶς· ἢ γὰρ ὡς ἕκαστον ἓν ἢ ὡς ἐκ τούτων τὸ ἕν.
"Whole" is said of that from which no part is missing of those of which it is said to be a whole by nature, and that which contains the things contained so that they form a unity; and this in two ways: either as each being one, or as the unity made out of them.
τὸ μὲν γὰρ καθόλου, καὶ τὸ ὅλως λεγόμενον ὡς ὅλον τι ὄν, οὕτως ἐστὶ καθόλου ὡς πολλὰ περιέχον τῷ κατηγορεῖσθαι καθʼ ἑκάστου καὶ ἓν ἅπαντα εἶναι ὡς ἕκαστον, οἷον ἄνθρωπον ἵππον θεόν, διότι ἅπαντα ζῷα· τὸ δὲ συνεχὲς καὶ πεπερασμένον, ὅταν ἕν τι ἐκ πλειόνων ᾖ, ἐνυπαρχόντων μάλιστα μὲν δυνάμει, εἰ δὲ μή, ἐνεργείᾳ.
For the universal, and that which is said generally as being a whole, is universal in this way: as containing many things by being predicated of each and by all being a unity as each, for example, man, horse, god, because they are all animals; but the continuous and limited is a whole when it is a unity from several parts, which are present in it, preferably potentially, but if not, actually.
τούτων δʼ αὐτῶν μᾶλλον τὰ φύσει ἢ τέχνῃ τοιαῦτα, ὥσπερ καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἑνὸς ἐλέγομεν, ὡς οὔσης τῆς ὁλότητος ἑνότητός τινος.
And of these very things, those which are such by nature are more a whole than those by art, just as we said in the case of the "one", since wholeness is a kind of unity.
ἔτι τοῦ ποσοῦ ἔχοντος δὲ ἀρχὴν καὶ μέσον καὶ ἔσχατον, ὅσων μὲν μὴ ποιεῖ ἡ θέσις διαφοράν, πᾶν λέγεται, ὅσων δὲ ποιεῖ, ὅλον.
Further, of quantity which has a beginning, middle, and end, those in which position makes no difference are called "all", and those in which it does make a difference, "whole".
ὅσα δὲ ἄμφω ἐνδέχεται, καὶ ὅλα καὶ πάντα· ἔστι δὲ ταῦτα ὅσων ἡ μὲν φύσις ἡ αὐτὴ μένει τῇ μεταθέσει, ἡ δὲ μορφὴ οὔ, οἷον κηρὸς καὶ ἱμάτιον· καὶ γὰρ ὅλον καὶ πᾶν λέγεται· ἔχει γὰρ ἄμφω.
And those which admit of both are called both "wholes" and "all"; and these are those whose nature remains the same under transposition, but whose shape does not, for example, wax and a coat; for they are called both "whole" and "all", since they have both.
ὕδωρ δὲ καὶ ὅσα ὑγρὰ καὶ ἀριθμὸς πᾶν μὲν λέγεται, ὅλος δʼ ἀριθμὸς καὶ ὅλον ὕδωρ οὐ λέγεται, ἂν μὴ μεταφορᾷ.
But water and all liquids, and number, are called "all", but "whole number" and "whole water" are not so called, except by a metaphor.
πάντα δὲ λέγεται ἐφʼ οἷς τὸ πᾶν ὡς ἐφʼ ἑνί, ἐπὶ τούτοις τὸ πάντα ὡς ἐπὶ διῃρημένοις· πᾶς οὗτος ὁ ἀριθμός, πᾶσαι αὗται αἱ μονάδες.
And "all" in the plural is said of things of which "all" in the singular is said as of one thing, but of these as of things that are divided; for example, "all this number" is said as of one thing, but "all these units" as of things that are divided.