§8Ἀρχὴ μὲν οὖν, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, τῆς κινήσεως τὸ ἐν τῷ 8 πρακτῷ διωκτὸν καὶ φευκτόν· ἐξ ἀνάγκης δʼ ἀκολουθεῖ τῇ νοήσει καὶ τῇ φαντασίᾳ αὐτῶν θερμότης καὶ ψύξις.
Therefore, as has been said, the starting-point of movement is the object of desire and of avoidance in the sphere of action; and heat and cold necessarily follow the thought and imagination of them.
τὸ μὲν γὰρ λυπηρὸν φευκτόν, τὸ δʼ ἡδὺ διωκτόν (ἀλλὰ λανθάνει περὶ τὰ μικρὰ τοῦτο συμβαῖνον), ἔστι δὲ τὰ λυπηρὰ καὶ ἡδέα πάντα σχεδὸν μετὰ ψύξεώς τινος καὶ θερμότητος.
For the painful is avoided and the pleasant is pursued (though this escapes notice when it occurs in small matters), and almost all painful and pleasant things are accompanied by some cold and heat.
τοῦτο δὲ δῆλον ἐκ τῶν παθημάτων.
This is clear from our affections.
θάρρη γὰρ καὶ φόβοι καὶ ἀφροδισιασμοὶ καὶ τἆλλο σωματικὰ λυπηρὰ καὶ ἡδέα τὰ μὲν κατὰ μόριον μετὰ θερμότητος ἢ ψύξεώς ἐστι, τὰ δὲ καθʼ ὅλον τὸ σῶμα· μνῆμαι δὲ καὶ ἐλπίδες, οἷον εἰδώλοις χρώμεναι τοῖς τοιούτοις, ὁτὲ μὲν ἧττον ὁτὲ δὲ μᾶλλον αἰτίαι τῶν αὐτῶν εἰσιν.
For daring, fears, sexual arousal, and other bodily pains and pleasures are, in some cases in a part, accompanied by heat or cold, and in others in the whole body; and memories and hopes, using as it were the images of such things, are sometimes less and sometimes more the causes of the same.
ὥστʼ εὐλόγως ἤδη δημιουργεῖται τὰ ἐντὸς καὶ τὰ περὶ τὰς ἀρχὰς τῶν ὀργανικῶν μορίων μεταβάλλοντα ἐκ πεπηγότων ὑγρὰ καὶ ἐξ ὑγρῶν πεπηγότα καὶ μαλακὰ καὶ σκληρὰ ἐξ ἀλλήλων.
So that with good reason the parts within and those around the starting-points of the organic parts are already formed, changing from solid to liquid and from liquid to solid, and soft and hard from one another.
τούτων δὲ συμβαινόντων τὸν τρόπον τοῦτον, καὶ ἔτι τοῦ παθητικοῦ καὶ ποιητικοῦ τοιαύτην ἐχόντων τὴν φύσιν οἵαν πολλαχοῦ εἰρήκαμεν, ὁπόταν συμβῇ ὥστʼ εἶναι τὸ μὲν ποιητικὸν τὸ δὲ παθητικόν, καὶ μηδὲν ἀπολίπῃ αὐτῶν ἑκάτερον τῶν ἐν τῷ λόγῳ, εὐθὺς τὸ μὲν ποιεῖ τὸ δὲ πάσχει.
Since these things happen in this way, and since the passive and the active have the kind of nature we have often described, whenever it happens that there is the active and the passive, and neither of them lacks any of the factors in the definition, immediately the one acts and the other is acted upon.
διὰ τοῦτο δʼ ἅμα ὡς εἰπεῖν νοεῖ ὅτι πορευτέον καὶ πορεύεται, ἂν μή τι ἐμποδίζῃ ἕτερον.
And for this reason, so to speak, at the same time one thinks that one must walk and walks, unless something else prevents.
τὰ μὲν γὰρ ὀργανικὰ μέρη παρασκευάζει ἐπιτηδείως τὰ πάθη, ἡ δʼ ὄρεξις τὰ πάθη, τὴν δʼ ὄρεξιν ἡ φαντασία· αὕτη δὲ γίνεται ἢ διὰ νοήσεως ἢ διʼ αἰσθήσεως.
For the affections prepare the organic parts suitably, and desire prepares the affections, and imagination prepares desire; and this comes about either through thought or through perception.
ἅμα δὲ καὶ ταχὺ διὰ τὸ τὸ ποιητικὸν καὶ παθητικὸν τῶν πρὸς ἄλληλα εἶναι τὴν φύσιν.
And it is simultaneous and quick because the active and passive are by nature relative to each other.
τὸ δὲ κινοῦν πρῶτον τὸ ζῷον ἀνάγκη εἶναι ἔν τινι ἀρχῇ.
But that which first moves the animal must be in some starting-point.
ἡ δὲ καμπὴ ὅτι μέν ἐστι ἀρχὴ τοῦ δὲ τελευτή, εἴρηται.
Now, that the joint is a starting-point of one part and the end of another has been said.
διὸ καὶ ἔστι μὲν ὡς ἑνί, ἔστι δʼ ὡς δυσὶ χρῆται ἡ φύσις αὐτῇ.
Therefore, nature uses it sometimes as one, and sometimes as two.
ὅταν γὰρ κινῆται ἐντεῦθεν, ἀνάγκη τὸ μὲν ἠρεμεῖν τῶν σημείων τῶν ἐσχάτων, τὸ δὲ κινεῖσθαι· ὅτι γὰρ πρὸς ἠρεμοῦν δεῖ ἀπερείδεσθαι τὸ κινοῦν, εἴρηται πρότερον.
For when movement starts from there, one of the extreme points must remain at rest, and the other must move; for it has been said before that the mover must support itself against what is at rest.
κινεῖται μὲν οὖν καὶ οὐ κινεῖ τὸ ἔσχατον τοῦ βραχίονος, τῆς δʼ ἐν τῷ ὠλεκράνῳ κάμψεως τὸ μὲν κινεῖται τὸ ἐν αὐτῷ τῷ ὅλῳ κινουμένῳ, ἀνάγκη δʼ εἶναί τι καὶ ἀκίνητον, ὃ δή φαμεν δυνάμει μὲν ἓν εἶναι σημεῖον, ἐνεργείᾳ δὲ γίνεσθαι δύο· ὥστʼ εἰ τὸ ζῷον ἦν ὁ βραχίων, ἐνταῦθ᾿ ἄν που ἦν ἡ ἀρχὴ τῆς ψυχῆς ἡ κινοῦσα.
Therefore, the extreme part of the forearm moves and does not move anything else; but of the joint in the elbow, the part that is in the whole moving member moves, but there must also be something unmoved, which indeed we say is potentially one point, but becomes two in activity; so that if the animal were the forearm, the moving starting-point of the soul would be somewhere here.
ἐπεὶ δʼ ἐνδέχεται καὶ πρὸς τὴν χεῖρα ἔχειν τι οὕτως τῶν ἀψύχων, οἷον εἰ κινοίη τὴν βακτηρίαν ἐν τῇ χειρί, φανερὸν ὅτι οὐκ ἂν εἴη ἐν οὐδετέρῳ ἡ ψυχὴ τῶν ἐσχάτων, οὔτʼ ἐν τῷ ἐσχάτῳ τοῦ κινουμένου οὔτʼ ἐν τῇ ἑτέρᾳ ἀρχῇ.
But since it is possible for some inanimate thing to stand in this relation to the hand, as if one were to move a staff in one's hand, it is clear that the soul would not be in either of the extremes, neither in the extreme of the moving object nor in the other starting-point.
καὶ γὰρ τὸ ξύλον ἔχει καὶ ἀρχὴν καὶ τέλος πρὸς τὴν χεῖρα.
For the wood also has both a starting-point and an end in relation to the hand.
ὥστε διά γε τοῦτο, εἰ μὴ καὶ ἐν τῇ βακτηρίᾳ ἡ κινοῦσα ἀπὸ τῆς ψυχῆς ἀρχὴ ἔνεστιν, οὐδʼ ἐν τῇ χειρί· ὁμοίως γὰρ ἔχει καὶ τὸ ἄκρον τῆς χειρὸς πρὸς τὸν καρπόν, καὶ τοῦτο τὸ μέρος πρὸς τὸ ὠλέκρανον.
So that for this reason at least, if the starting-point of movement from the soul is not in the staff, neither is it in the hand; for the extremity of the hand stands in the same relation to the wrist, and this part to the elbow.
οὐδὲν γὰρ διαφέρει τὰ προσπεφυκότα τῶν μή· γίνεται γὰρ ὥσπερ ἀφαιρετὸν μέρος ἡ βακτηρία.
For there is no difference between parts that are naturally grown on and those that are not; for the staff becomes as it were a detachable part.
ἀνάγκη ἄρα ἐν μηδεμιᾷ εἶναι ἀρχῇ, ἥ ἐστιν ἄλλου τελευτή, μηδὲ εἴ τι ἐστὶν ἕτερον ἐκείνου ἐξωτέρω, οἷον τοῦ μὲν τῆς βακτηρίας ἐσχάτου ἐν τῇ χειρὶ ἡ ἀρχή, τούτου δʼ ἐν τῷ καρπῷ.
It is necessary, then, that the soul is in no starting-point which is the end of another, nor if there is something else further outward than that (for instance, the starting-point of the extremity of the staff is in the hand, and of this in the wrist).
εἰ δὲ μηδʼ ἐν τῇ χειρί, ὅτι ἀνωτέρω ἔτι, ἡ ἀρχὴ οὐδʼ ἐνταῦθα· ἔτι γὰρ τοῦ ὠλεκράνου μένοντος κινεῖται ἅπαν τὸ κάτω συνεχές.
And if it is not even in the hand because the starting-point is still higher up, neither is it there; for while the elbow still remains at rest, the whole continuous part below it moves.