§14#2Εἰ οὖν ἐναντία μὲν τούτων ἡ ἑτέρα, ἐναντιωτέρα δὲ ἡ τῆς ἀντιφάσεως, δῆλον ὅτι αὕτη ἂν εἴη ἐναντία.
Therefore, if of these the one is contrary, and that of the contradiction is more contrary, it is clear that this latter would be the contrary.
Ἡ δὲ τοῦ ὅτι κακὸν τὸ ἀγαθὸν συμπεπλεγμένη ἐστί· καὶ γὰρ ὅτι οὐκ ἀγαθὸν ἀνάγκη ἴσως ὑπολαμβάνειν τὸν αὐτόν.
But the belief that the good is bad is complex; for it is necessary, perhaps, for the same person also to suppose that it is not good.
Ἔτι δέ, εἰ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὁμοίως δεῖ ἔχειν, καὶ ταύτῃ ἂν δόξειε καλῶς εἰρῆσθαι· ἢ γὰρ πανταχοῦ τὸ τῆς ἀντιφάσεως ἢ οὐδαμοῦ.
Furthermore, if it must hold similarly in other cases too, in this way also it would seem to have been well said; for either everywhere that of the contradiction is the contrary, or nowhere.
Ὅσοις δὲ μή ἐστιν ἐναντία, περὶ τούτων ἔστι μὲν ψευδὴς ἡ τῇ ἀληθεῖ ἀντικειμένη, οἷον ὁ τὸν ἄνθρωπον οὐκ ἄνθρωπον οἰόμενος διέψευσται.
But for those things which have no contrary, the false belief is the one opposed to the true, as, for example, he who thinks a man is not a man is deceived.
Εἰ οὖν αὗται ἐναντίαι, καὶ αἱ ἄλλαι αἱ τῆς ἀντιφάσεως.
If, therefore, these are contraries, the other beliefs of the contradiction are also contraries.
Ἔτι ὁμοίως ἔχει ἡ τοῦ ἁγαθοῦ ὅτι ἀγαθὸν καὶ ἡ τοῦ μὴ ἀγαθοῦ ὅτι οὐκ ἀγαθόν, καὶ πρὸς ταύταις ἡ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ ὅτι οὐκ ἀγαθὸν καὶ ἡ τοῦ μὴ ἀγαθοῦ ὅτι ἀγαθόν.
Furthermore, the belief of the good that it is good and that of the non-good that it is not good hold similarly, and besides these, that of the good that it is not good and that of the non-good that it is good.
Τῇ οὖν τοῦ μὴ ἀγαθοῦ ὅτι οὐκ ἀγαθὸν ἀληθεῖ οὔσῃ δόξῃ τίς ἂν εἴη ἡ ἐναντία;
What belief, then, would be contrary to the true belief of the non-good that it is not good?
οὐ γὰρ δὴ ἡ λέγουσα ὅτι κακόν· ἅμα γὰρ ἄν ποτε εἴη ἀληθής, οὐδέποτε δὲ ἀληθὴς ἀληθεῖ ἐναντία· ἔστι γάρ τι μὴ ἀγαθὸν κακόν, ὥστε ἐνδέχεται ἅμα ἀληθεῖς εἶναι.
For surely not the one saying that it is bad; for it could sometimes be true at the same time, but a true belief is never contrary to a true one; for there is something non-good which is bad, so that it is possible for them to be true at the same time.
Οὐδ᾿ αὖ ἡ ὅτι οὐ κακόν· ἀληθὴς γὰρ καὶ αὕτη.
Nor, on the other hand, is it the belief that it is not bad; for this too is true.
Ἅμα γὰρ καὶ ταῦτα ἂν εἴη.
For these also would be true at the same time.
Λείπεται οὖν τῇ τοῦ μὴ ἀγαθοῦ ὅτι οὐκ ἀγαθὸν ἐναντία ἡ τοῦ μὴ ἀγαθοῦ ὅτι ἀγαθόν· ψευδὴς γὰρ αὕτη.
There remains, therefore, as contrary to the belief of the non-good that it is not good, the belief of the non-good that it is good; for this is false.
Ὥστε καὶ ἡ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ ὅτι οὐκ ἀγαθὸν τῇ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ ὅτι ἀγαθόν.
Consequently, also the belief of the good that it is not good is contrary to that of the good that it is good.
Φανερὸν δὲ ὅτι οὐδὲν διοίσει οὐδ᾿ ἂν καθόλου τιθῶμεν τὴν κατάφασιν· ἡ γὰρ καθόλου ἀπόφασις ἐναντία ἔσται, οἷον τῇ δόξῃ τῇ δοξαζούσῃ ὅτι πᾶν ὃ ἂν ᾖ ἀγαθὸν ἀγαθόν ἐστιν ἡ ὅτι οὐδὲν τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀγαθόν.
And it is clear that it will make no difference even if we posit the affirmation universally; for the universal negation will be contrary, as, for example, to the belief believing that everything that is good is good, the belief that none of the goods is good.
Ἡ γὰρ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ ὅτι ἀγαθόν, εἰ καθόλου τὸ ἀγαθόν, ἡ αὐτή ἐστι τῇ ὅτι ὃ ἂν ᾖ ἀγαθὸν δοξαζούσῃ ὅτι ἀγαθόν· τοῦτο δὲ οὐδὲν διαφέρει τοῦ ὅτι πᾶν ὃ ἂν ᾖ ἀγαθὸν ἀγαθόν ἐστιν.
For the belief of the good that it is good, if the good is universal, is the same as the belief believing that whatever is good is good; and this differs in no way from saying that everything that is good is good.
Ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ μὴ ἀγαθοῦ.
And similarly also in the case of the non-good.
Ὥστε εἴπερ ἐπὶ δόξης οὕτως ἔχει, εἰσὶ δὲ αἱ ἐν τῇ φωνῇ καταφάσεις καὶ ἀποφάσεις σύμβολα τῶν ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ, δῆλον ὅτι καὶ καταφάσει ἐναντία μὲν ἀπόφασις ἡ περὶ τοῦ αὐτοῦ καθόλου, οἷον τῇ ὅτι πᾶν ἀγαθὸν ἀγαθὸν ἢ ὅτι πᾶς ἄνθρωπος ἀγαθὸς ἡ ὅτι οὐδὲν ἢ οὐδείς, ἀντιφατικῶς δὲ ὅτι ἢ οὐ πᾶν ἢ οὐ πᾶς.
Consequently, if indeed it holds thus in the case of belief, and the affirmations and negations in vocal speech are symbols of those in the soul, it is clear that to an affirmation, the contrary is the negation about the same universal, as, for example, to 'every good is good' or 'every man is good', 'none' or 'no one' is the contrary, while contradictorily, 'not every' or 'not everyone'.
Φανερὸν δὲ ὅτι καὶ ἀληθῆ ἀληθεῖ οὐκ ἐνδέχεται ἐναντίαν εἶναι οὔτε δόξαν οὔτε ἀπόφασιν.
And it is clear that it is not possible for a true belief or a true negation to be contrary to a true one.
Ἐναντίαι μὲν γὰρ αἱ περὶ τὰ ἀντικείμενα, περὶ ταῦτα δὲ ἐνδέχεται ἀληθεύειν τὸν αὐτόν· ἅμα δὲ οὐκ ἐνδέχεται τὰ ἐναντία ὑπάρχειν τῷ αὐτῷ.
For contraries are those about opposites, and about these it is possible for the same person to speak truly; but it is not possible for contraries to belong to the same thing at the same time.